Europe and the World: How the History of the World Outside Europe is Taught and Researched in Slovenia
by Matjaž Klemencic and Danijel Grafenauer

Introduction
Today history is taught and researched at all three universities in Slovenia. In addition to the University of Maribor, which is the younger sister of the University of Ljubljana, the new University of Primorska (Coastland University) in Koper/Capodistria has been opened, accepting its first students of history in the academic year 2004/05. The three departments of history are not the only places for historical research in Slovenia, however. Additionally there are research institutes like, for example, those within the framework of the Scientific Research Center of the Slovene Academy of Arts and Sciences in Ljubljana (Institute for World and National History and Institute for Slovene Emigration Studies). Independent institutes for history include the Institute for Contemporary History, which developed from the Institute of the History of the Workers’ Movement (established by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Slovenia soon after World War II), and the Institute for Ethnic Studies in Ljubljana, which deals primarily with themes connected with the history and contemporary realities of Slovenes who live as autochthonous minorities or emigrants outside the Republic of Slovenia. This institute also does research on the history of immigrant groups to Slovenia and autochthonous Italians and Hungarians in Slovenia.

As Slovenia is a relatively small country and the research capacities are dispersed, history departments are relatively small. The chairs are divided so that there is one professor for the history of antiquity, and two professors each for the history of the Middle Ages, the history of the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries, the history of the period from the French Revolution until World War I, and the period from post-World War II to the present. Anything more represents “luxury” and means that places for that “more” are usually not available. Even those nine chairs are usually not filled. Due to the fact that Slovenia is a new, young state that which has had to explain its existence before the world, historical science in Slovenia has dealt primarily with the national history of Slovenia and Slovenes, problems of Slovene identity, history of the development of the Slovene people, borders and frontiers, and the modern history of Slovenes, who, after World War I (after the establishment of the Yugoslav state), were minorities in neighboring countries (Austria, Italy, and Hungary), encompassing the history of “the Yugoslav question” and the history of the Yugoslav state, which to a great extent represents the history of the solving of national questions.

Therefore, it is not surprising that most of the research works published in Slovenia that deal with the history of non-European states or continents do so in the context of the history of Slovene emigration.

Researching History of Non-European Continents and Countries in the Past
Some notes on the history of non-European countries were written in Slovene ethnic territories as early as the Middle Ages in conjunction with travel diaries. Thus these writings were not systematic histories of individual countries or continents. The first to show more interest in the history of overseas countries or continents were Slovene missionaries, among them Marcus Antonius Kappus (*1657, Kamna Gorica in today’s Slovenia – †1717, somewhere in Mexico). This Jesuit missionary went to America in 1687 and labored among the Opata Indians in the Mexican region of Sonora, on today’s Mexican-U.S. border.

He sent to the homeland (then Austria-Hungary) news on discoveries made by his friend Eusebius Franciscus Kino from South Tyrol, including that Lower California is a giant peninsula connected to the continental mainland and not an island, as was thought until then. He also sent the news that the Gulf of California is not a giant strait, encircling the whole American continent in the North, which was the previous belief. Kappus also sent a map of Sonora and the Gulf of California made by Kino to Vienna in 1701. On this map Kino’s dedication was written: “Reverendo P. Marco Antonio Kappus, S. I., Colegii Matapensis Rectori Harum Novarum Regionum, et Missionum, Fautori et Benefactori se enixč commendat Eusebius Franciscus Kinus S. I.” [To the Rev. Father Marcus Antonius Kappus, S. J., Rector of the College in Matape, promotor and benefactor of these new regions and missions, with the warm wishes of Eusebius Franciscus Kinus, S. J.].

In addition Kappus wrote numerous letters in which he described the circumstances of life, climate, and food in Sonora. About thirty of these letters are preserved; and they are still today an important source for the history of Sonora at the turn of the 1700s, especially since news from colonial America before the War of Independence of 1776 was very scarce1.

Some other Slovene missionaries also deserve mentioning as writers of histories of the non-European continents. They worked as missionaries among American Indians in the Midwest in the first half of the 19th century. Among them we have to mention in the first place Friderik Irenej Baraga (*1797, Mala vas pri Dobrnicu – †1868, Marquette), who worked as a missionary among the American Indians around the Great Lakes from 1831 until the 1860s2. Baraga himself learned Indian languages and wrote a dictionary and a grammar book on the language of the Chippewa. He studied the Chippewa language for twenty years and published many religious books in the Ottawa and Otchipwe languages3. He also published A Theoretical and Practical Grammar of the Otchipwe Language – For the Use of Missionaries in Detroit in 18504, and three years later, in Cincinnati, A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language – For the Use of Missionaries5.

Baraga published his knowledge on North American Indians in the book Popis navad in zaderžanja Indijanov Polnocne Amerike6 [On the Manners and Customs of the Indians], which he also published in German7 and in French8 in 1837. In this book Baraga described Indians from the anthropological point of view, their material culture (what they wore, their housing, food, artisanal products, hunting, fishing), their social life (family life, rearing of the children, forms of government) and the other aspects of their life (religion, magicians, diseases, and medicines)9.

Franc Pirc (*1785, Kamnik – †1880, Ljubljana), who usually spelled his name Francis Pierz in the United States, also wrote about the North American Indians in the Midwest. Pirc worked as a missionary among the Ottawa, Ojibwe, Otchipwe, and Winnebago Indian tribes from 1835 to 1873. The Ottawa lived in different centers of the Michigan Peninsula. The Ojibwe and Otchipwe tribes lived on the northern shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior and in northern Minnesota. The Winnebago tribe lived in central Minnesota and southern Wisconsin. The Ojibwe tribe was engaged in ongoing wars with the Sioux (Dakota), who lived in northwestern Minnesota. Therefore Pirc did not have many contacts with the Sioux tribe10. Pirc published his views in a book in the German language, Die Indianer in Nord – Amerika, ihre Lebensweise, Sitten, Gebräuche u.s.w11. There is considerable difference between Baraga’s books on American Indians and Pirc’s books on the same topics. Pirc wrote on the American Indians almost exclusively on the basis of his own experience12.

Slovene historians, literary historians, and theologians devoted many books to the life and work of Bishop Baraga13 and Rev. Pirc14. In connection with their lives and works the writers also dealt with history, language, and everyday life of Indian tribes in the American Midwest.

An important contribution towards enrichment of the knowledge of Slovenians about non-European continents is provided also by the works of Andrej Bernard Smolnikar (*1795, Kamnik – †1869, Philadelphia). He went to the United States as a priest in autumn 1837 and resigned as priest in spring 1838. Then he established contact with Harvard University, especially with its library. He was the first Slovene in the United States who alone, without connection with any church organization, received quite considerable attention among important representatives of American cultural life. Of interest for Slovene historiography is especially his fourth book, Eines ist Noth (Philadelphia 1841), which was also published in English translation as The One Thing Needful (Philadelphia 1841). In the most interesting part of this book, Smolnikar’s journey through the American Midwest is described. During this journey he visited Michigan and Ohio too.

We also have to mention another group of three books that Smolnikar published in the United States: Denkwürdige Ereignisse I (Cambridge near Boston 1838); Denkwürdige Ereignisse II (Philadelphia 1839); Denkwürdige Ereignisse III (New York 1840). These books on the one hand show an interesting picture of Smolnikar’s life in the United States; on the other hand they provide some interesting data on cultural life in Slovenia that he witnessed before he left for the United States and that he could not publish in Austria at that time as it was under the Metternich regime15. Smolnikar was the first Slovene who, in 1841, published his own newspaper, Friedenbotschaft an alle Völker, also published in English as Message of Peace to All Nations16.

The views of political émigré Anton Fister (*1808, Radovljica – †1881, Vienna), are also of interest. He had to flee Austria due to his active engagement in the March Revolution of 1848. He participated actively in the Revolution of 1848 as professor of theology of the University of Vienna. He spent twenty-eight years as an émigré in the United States, during which time he lectured on religion, society, and education17. He thought that the time had come to change societal institutions and that schools had to develop freethinking, independent, and creative people. Fister also fought for the abolition of slavery in the United States and was a great admirer of Abraham Lincoln18.

The works in which authors from Slovene ethnic territories later dealt with overseas countries (mostly the U.S.A.) were published in the period of Slovenians mass emigration. Most of the authors also dealt with Slovene emigration. On occasion of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, Rev. Francišek Saleški Sušteršic published an article in the 1894 Mohorjev koledar [Almanac of St. Hermagoras] Slovenci v Ameriki [Slovenes in America]19. His intention was to get Slovenians acquainted with America and American Slovenes. In the article he wrote on geographic particularities of North and South America, and he described the emigration of Europeans and especially Slovenians to the United States. He also wrote a survey of the history of the United States, including a U.S. map on which places of Slovene settlements were marked. Šušteršic’s article was the first attempt to write a history of Slovenians in the United States20.

The geography and history of the United States and the history of Slovene immigration to North America as well are much better described in Rev. Jurij Trunk’s book Amerika in Amerikanci [America and the Americans], published in 1913. Trunk decided to write his book after his third trip to the United States, and he gathered materials for it on the fourth trip too. The book Amerika in Amerikanci is the first work on America and American Slovenes written in a Slovene ethnic territory, and it remains still today the basic work for research on Slovene immigration to America. At the time the book was published it could serve as a textbook for students of American studies, especially because the first six parts present America on an interdisciplinary basis. If footnotes had been included it could have been considered a scholarly book21. When it was published, Amerika in Amerikanci had an impact on Slovene ethnic territory as well as among Slovene immigrants to the United States22. Trunk also published a German version of the book, Quer durch Amerika [Across America], which was published in 191523.

Trunk also dealt with the history of countries outside Europe in the book Na Jutrovem [In the Orient]24, which he wrote after his journey in the Orient from February to June 1906 (published by St. Hermagoras’ Society in 1911)25. During his visit to Egypt and the Near East he visited Alexandria, Cairo, Jerusalem, and some other holy places (Nazareth, Lake Tiberias, Bethlehem, Mt. Tabor, Tripoli, Beirut, Haifa). This book showed Slovene readers the history of the Holy Land until World War I. Trunk lived the first fifty years of his life (until 1921) in southern Carinthia, which was then predominantly Slovene. After a majority of the inhabitants decided in a 1920 plebiscite that southern Carinthia should belong to Austria, Trunk, who was a Slovene political activist before and during World War I and who served as a member of the plebiscite commission, decided to emigrate to the United States, where he lived until 1973. From the last period of Trunk’s life, his manuscript Amerika [America]26 is worth mentioning. He wrote it in San Francisco when he was already almost eighty years old. Thise unpublished book, entitled simply “America”, represents a continuation of his book Amerika in Amerikanci. He not only provides additional facts, but he also analyszes the reasons that America rose to the level of a superpower. He got the idea for this book when Europe was divided into two political, military, and economic blocks and from other events that made up the history of Europe and Yugoslavia during the years that followed World War II. With this book he wanted to make his countrymen aware of the processes through which American society had to go before it became free and democratic. At the same time, the reader of his manuscript will be made aware of his philosophical views on relations between America and Russia and of what was then Yugoslavia’s status and the status of Slavs in the world after World War II27. It is interesting to note Trunk’s viewpoints on history: … History is a teacher. This is valid for America and America has quite a few years of history behind it. Pure mentioning of years and events is not real history. Why did this or that event occurc It is a pragmatic and real history …28

As we can ascertain from the above-mentioned books and articles that deal with the history of non-European countries by Slovene authors, most of them are about U.S. history and in parallel with the history of Slovenians in the United States. This is not surprising because most of the emigrants from Slovene ethnic territories before 1924 emigrated to this country. Later Slovenians emigrated to some other overseas countries also (Canada, South American countries, Australia); and newspapers that were printed in Slovene ethnic territories published many articles on these countries too.

Non-European History in Slovene Universities Today
Among Slovenian Universities today, it is perhaps the Department of History of the University of Maribor that gives the most attention to the history of the continents outside Europe. In accordance with the history curriculum offered there since the mid- 1990s, the history of so-called “outside Europe” has become a special subject. European history is also taught as a special subject. Therefore, university teachers are required to teach non-European history as well.

One must admit, however, that due to specific university laws and the process of systematization of chairs, it was not possible to undertake a “normal” process of transition towards teaching of “non-European” history; i.e. to educate specialists for this history at good universities outside Slovenia and after that start teaching it. In spite of this, the fact that these subjects are taught separately constitutes a first step towards achieving distinguished research and teaching in the new areas. It is a fact of life that even in ideal circumstances, due to the lack of teachers, we shall never be able to cover with research all the continents in all the historical periods. It should be possible, however, to cover one of the continents outside Europe with research and teaching, while teaching the history of the other continents. Professors of history at the University of Maribor in part also do research on the particular problems of history of non-European continents. At our university (Maribor), ancient history is taught by Janez Marolt, assistant professor, with excellent knowledge and also knowledge of languages, since he first studied theology and later history.

Although he primarily deals with the history of former Yugoslav lands in the ancient period in his research, he wrote a long article comparing Hamurabi’s Laws and the Laws of the XII Tables29. He also wrote on the history of the Jews and the history of the period of Alexander the Great. He was a mentor for an M.A. on Arabia as the connecting link between the East and the Mediterranean in antiquity, and for the 45 B.A. finalpapers, in which his students dealt with ancient history in India, China, Tibet, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Persia, with history of high cultures in America before Columbus (Maya, Inca, Aztecs, Zapotecs), with history of Jews, and history of Phoenicians, Hittites, Etruscans, Aborigines, Sasanides, etc.

Matjaž Klemencic teaches history of Western Europe and outside-European history 1750-1918. He specializes in history of American immigration and in history of nationalism. His doctoral dissertation is devoted to history of Slovene Americans during World War II. In 1988/89 he was a Fulbright Scholar at Yale University. He is author of numerous published works in which he deals with U.S. history, especially local history of those regions and cities that were settled by Slovene immigrants. He addresses those questions in his published doctoral dissertation, Ameriški Slovenci in NOB v Jugoslaviji: naseljevanje, zemljepisna razprostranjenost in odnos ameriških Slovencev do stare domovine od sredine 19. stoletja do konca druge svetovne vojne [American Slovenes and the National Liberation Movement in Yugoslavia: Settlement, Geographical Dispersion, and the Attitude of American Slovenes toward the Old Country from the Mid- nineteenth Century to World War II]. In the second part of this book he deals with activities of Slovene Americans during the two world wars, with special emphasis on their reactions to the events in the old homeland30.

In the book Slovenes of Cleveland: The Creation of a New Nation and a New World Community: Slovenia and the Slovenes of Cleveland, Ohio, Klemencic looks at the history of Cleveland, which has the greatest concentration of Slovene population outside Slovene ethnic territories. He describes the process of settlement of Slovenians in Cleveland, the establishment of their settlements, and their organizations, i.e. Catholic parishes, fraternal organizations, and Slovene national homes. He also deals with the political process and integration of the Slovene community into the American mainstream. Slovenes of Cleveland contributed city councilmen, mayors, and members of the Ohio legislature, Ohio governors, and members of the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate31.

The book Jurij Trunk med Koroško in Združenimi državami Amerike ter zgodovina slovenskih naselbin v Leadvillu, Kolorado in San Franciscu, Kalifornija [ Jurij Trunk Between Carinthia and the United States and the History of the Slovene Settlements in Leadville, Colorado, and San Francisco, California] is about the life and work of the Slovene Catholic priest, writer, and politician George Trunk in Carinthia and in the USA. In this book the author wrote about the history of Leadville, Colorado, and its Slovenes from the mid-1880s to the 1990s32.

Klemencic also wrote a number of articles on Slovene immigrants to North America, in which he described the history of Slovene settlements in California and the history of Rock Springs, Wyoming, and also of Slovenes and other ethnic groups in the United States. His sources included censuses by mother tongue and/or ancestry. Among them the article on development of Slovene immigrants in Rock Springs, Wyoming, deserves comment. Rock Springs was a typical mining town in the American West whose coalmines, in the second half of the 19thth century, attracted numerous immigrants – members of 28 different nations, or on the basis of the political divisions of the world at that time, comimg coming from 24 states33. In Klemencic’s contribution on Croatian and Slovene missionaries, written with Ivan cizmic, he introduces Bishop Baraga and Rev. Pirc not only as missionaries who brought Christianity to certain American Indian tribes, but also as inventors, writers, and historians of the American Midwest34. Slovene historians from Slovenia had written quite a few works on the workers’ movement even before 1986, focusing especially on the reactions of leftist Slovenes in America to the events in the old homeland, particularly during the world wars35. Klemencic also co-organized with Ivan Cizmic a conference sponsored by the University of Maribor and the Zagreb Center for Migration Research on the workers’ movement. The results were published in Migracijske teme in Zagreb36. Klemencic touched on this topic when he wrote about the workers’ movement in Cleveland in his book on the Slovenes in Cleveland37.

Klemencic organized a conference at the University of Maribor in 1991 on the ethnic immigrant press. Many colleagues from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean attended. The result was an edited volume of articles that deals not only with the Slovene but also with the German and East and Southeast European ethnic press in the United States and some of the other immigrant countries. It was published by the University of Maribor and the Institute for Slovene Emigration at the Scientific Research Center of the Slovene Academy of Arts and Sciences38. In 1999 this Institute organized a round table on the significance of the ethnic press for researchers on immigration39. Klemencic also edited a volume from the international symposium “Razvoj in pomen fraternalisticnega gibanja in fraternalisticnih organizacij med priseljenci v priseljenskih državah/The Development and Significance of the Fraternal Movement and Fraternal Organizations among Immigrants in Immigrant Countries”, which he organized in May 1994 at the University of Maribor. The contributions deal with the history of ethnic fraternalism in immigrant countries, with special emphasis on Slovenes. They also address ethnic fraternalism within Polish, German, Slovak, Hungarian, and Croatian ethnic communities in the United States40. The rest of the symposium papers were published in a special issue of Dve domovini/Two Homelands41.

With Milica Trebše-Štolfa, Klemencic also edited a volume of articles, Slovensko izseljenstvo [Slovene Emigrants], which was published on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Slovene Emigrant Society. In addition to the activities of the Slovene Emigrant Society, this volume describes different aspects of the history of Slovenians outside the Slovene ethnic territories in all continents of the world42. Also worth mentioning is a sourcebook, Viri o demokratizaciji in osamosvojitvi Slovenije. IV. del: Slovenci v zamejstvu in po svetu ter mednarodno priznanje Slovenije [Sources on Democratization and the Independence Movement of Slovenia. Part 4: Slovenians in Neighboring Countries and in the World and International Recognition of Slovenia], which was edited by Klemencic and Trebše-Štolfa43.

Klemencic was also a mentor/principal adviser to a doctoral student, Mihael Kuzmic, who wrote a dissertation on the Slovene ethnic community in Bethlehem, PA. Rev. Kuzmic later published it as a book44. He was also mentor to five graduate students who finished their M.A. theses on the history of Slovene and Croatian fraternal organizations in the USA, on the Slovene Catholic Church in the United States, and on biographies of important Slovene Americans. He was also mentor to 25 undergraduate students who wrote their final B.A. papers on the history of Slovene immigrant communities in the USA, history of American Indians, Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, India, and China. Currently one of his doctoral students is researching the life and work of an important Slovene American, Ivan Molek, the editor of Prosveta, an organ of the fraternal organization Slovene National Benefit Society.

Darko Friš deals with the history of Slovenes in the USA, with special emphasis on the history of the role that the Catholic Church played among Slovene Americans. He studied especially the history of Slovene ethnic parishes in the USA. He authored a book on the Slovene Catholic Church and Slovene Americans45 and co-authored a book on the history of the fraternal organization American Slovene Catholic Union46. He also published letters of Slovene American Catholic priests 47 and some articles in both the Slovene and English languages. The majority of them deal with Slovene American history. He also tutored eight final B.A papers in which students dealt with the history of Slovene immigrants to the USA, including histories of Slovene fraternal organizations, of Slovene Franciscans in the USA, the role of American Slovenes in the fight of Slovenia for independence in the 1990s, and visits of Bishop of Ljubljana Gregorij Rožman among Slovene Americans after World War I.

In addition to his contribution to the work on KSKJ48, Andrej Vovko has written quite a few articles on different aspects of Slovene–U.S. history49.Dragan Potocnik has published a book on the history of Asian continent and contempory life of Asian peoples. There are also studies on the reasons for immigration of Slovenes to America as well as images of America among potential migrants. Marjan Drnovšek has studied the reasons for emigration in his unpublished doctoral dissertation50. Klemencic has published an article on the images of America among the potential migrants51. Later this became a topic of Marjan Drnovšek’s book52 and numerous articles. Also the process of transportation from the Slovene ethnic territory to America was the topic of a book by Drnovšek53.

At the Department of History at the University of Ljubljana the theme of history of the non-European world is formally part of the subjects of general history; in reality – in accord with the specialties of their teachers – particular stress is placed on the history of Central Europe or the Habsburg Monarchy. There are, however, works by literary historians that deal with Slovene immigrants and their life and work, and those works touch also on the general history of the countries of immigration. Historians of literature wrote a survey of the history of literary works of Slovene immigrants and their descendants. In this three-volume book edited by Janja Žitnik, from the Scientific Research Center of the Slovene Academy of Arts and Sciences, and Helga Glušic, from the Faculty of Arts at the University of Ljubljana, histories of Slovene movement to the major countries of immigration are described54. In an edited volume on the cultural works of Slovenians of South America, Mirko Jurak and Irene Mislej have also described the histories of those immigrants55. Mirko Jurak was also the adviser of Andrej Podbrežnik, who wrote a dissertation on cultural connections between Slovenia and New Zealand from 1923 to 200056.

Jerneja Petric wrote from the point of view of a literary historian on the life and work of Louis Adamic57 and later on Slovene immigrant autobiographies58. Of course, she touched upon political histories of those writers, especially since they were also politicians within Slovene-American communities and nationally. Furthermore, she was the mentor of Irena Milanic, who wrote on the history of a Slovene-American paper, Mladinski list-Juvenile59.

Janez Stanonik, now professor emeritus of literary history, wrote about the correspondence of Slovene priest Marcus Antonius Kappus from colonial North America60, about Bishop Baraga61, about Ojibwe and Ottawa Indians62, and about Father Pirc63. Zmago Šmitek, a Slovene ethnologist, likewise covers the history of non-European countries, especially during his research on encounters with far-away cultures64. The results are two books in which he discusses Slovenians encounters with non-European cultures. He is also author of quite a few treatises in which he describes the histories of Slovene missionaries65, histories of some overseas countries66, and contacts of Slovenians with the Holy Land in the Middle Ages67.

The University of Primorska in Koper/Capodistria is formally at the beginning of its development, and the administration should give emphasis to the history of the Mediterranean, which ought to mean history of North Africa and the Near East. In reality, they are not able to offer those these subjects, even as alternative subjects, due to lack of teachers.

History of Non-European Countries at the Institute for Studies of Slovene Emigration at the Scientific Research Center of the Slovene Academy of Arts and Sciences
The researchers at the Institute for Studies of Slovene Emigration at the Scientific Research Center of the Slovene Academy of Arts and Sciences examine Slovene emigration and in connection with it, the history of non-European countries as well. Marjan Drnovšek has written on the experiences of the so-called “common man” in Slovene American history. The sources he used were primarily letters from the immigrants to their relatives and friends at home and articles in contemporary Slovene newspapers68. Among his works, books on images of America among Slovenes in the homeland69 and a book on the travels of Slovene immigrants to the United States70 deserve mention.

Janja Žitnik authored three books on Louis Adamic in which she approaches his work from the standpoint of a literary historian as well as from the historian’s point of view71. She also edited three volumes of books on Slovene literature among Slovene emigrants all over the world72 for which she wrote quite a few contributions. In those books, histories of lands in which Slovenians settled are described. Žitnik authored some articles as well73.

Zvone Žigon, an anthropologist, wrote two books in which he deals with Slovene émigrés in Argentina and in other South American countries (Otroci dveh domovin: slovenstvo v Južni Ameriki) 74 and a book on Slovenians in Africa (Izzivi drugacnosti: Slovenci v Afriki in na Arabskem polotoku) in which he provides the reader with detailed descriptions of Slovene emigrants in Egypt, the South African Republic, and Kenya. He also mentions Slovenians in Jordan, Israel, Ghana, and Kuwait75.

Other Researchers on the History of Non-European Countries
Researchers from other disciplines also deal with the history of lands outside Europe. For example, Rado Genorijo, a Slovene geographer, wrote books and articles on Slovene immigrant communities in Canada76and Argentina77; but he also wrote about Slovene emigration in general78.

A Slovene historian from Trieste authored some articles on Slovene immigrants to the U.S.A., especially the history of Slovene missionaries79. We should mention Rev. Bogdan Kolar, too, a professor of theology at the University of Ljubljana, who wrote on the role of the Catholic Church among Slovene immigrants all over the world80 and on missionary Franc Pirc. Finally, Marjan Britovšek, emeritus professor of history at the University of Ljubljana, wrote a book on Anton Fister81, in which he includes Fister’s American period82.

Conclusion
Brief surveys of the universities, institutes, and researchers who dealt and deal with the history of non-European countries shows us that the research capacities in Slovenia are dispersed. This is normal for a relatively small country. In Slovenia we have three universities. The oldest is the University of Ljubljana, her younger sister is the University of Maribor, and the youngest in this family of universities is the University of Primorska. In the Republic of Slovenia, it is the University of Maribor’s Department of History that greatest attention is given to continents outside Europe. The most fruitful author here is Prof. Matjaž Klemencic. In the mid-1990s, history of the so-called “outside Europe” at the University of Maribor became a special subject. Other professors of history at the University of Maribor also do research on the particular problems of history of the continents outside European.

At the Department of History of the University of Ljubljana, history of the non-European world is formally one of the subjects of general history, but in accord with the specialties of its teachers, particular stress is given to the history of Central Europe or the Habsburg Monarchy. There are, however, works by literary historians and ethnologists that deal with Slovene immigrants and their life and work, and these works also touch on the general history of countries of immigration and in this way cover the history of non-European countries.

The University of Primorska is just starting to develop its curriculum because it only enrolled its first students of history in the academic year 2004/05. The three departments of history are not the only places for research of history in Slovenia. There are also research institutes, for example, institutes within the framework of the Scientific Research Center of the Slovene Academy of Arts and Sciences in Ljubljana (Institute for World and National History and Institute for Slovene Emigration Studies). Independent institutes for history include the Institute for Contemporary History and Institute for Ethnic Studies in Ljubljana, which deals primarily with themes connected with history and contemporary realities of Slovenes who live as autochthonous minorities or emigrants outside the Republic of Slovenia. Members of this institute are also researching the history of immigrant groups to Slovenia and autochthonous Italians and Hungarians in Slovenia.

The bibliography about the history of non-European continents and countries shows that the first Slovene authors on non-Europeans were Slovene missionaries who labored above all among the Indians in North America. Besides missionaries, noteworthy is Rev. Jurij Trunk, whose book Amerika in Amerikanci [America and the Americans], published in 1913, is still today the basic reference for researchers on the Slovene immigration to America and also the first book in the Slovene language in which the author treats the history of the United States of America and Slovene immigrants. Most books and articles that cover the history of non-European countries by Slovene authors deal with U.S.A. history in the context of the history of Slovenians in the United States. This is not surprising because most of the emigrants from Slovene ethnic territories went to that country.

Slovenian researchers deal with other continents only in accordance to the specialties of their research topics.

In general we can conclude that research in Slovenia on topics concerning the history of non-European countries is quite well organized and productive, especially if we take into consideration that Slovenia is a very small country with limited resources.

Notes
1 J. Stanonik, Marcus Antonius Kappus, in J. Žitnik - H. Glišic (eds.), Slovenska izseljenska književnost 2: Severna Amerika [Slovene Immigrant Literature 2; North America], Ljubljana 1999, p. 22.
2 J. Stanonik, Friderik Baraga, in Žitnik - Glišic (eds.), Slovenska izseljenska književnost 2 cit., p. 391; J. Trunk, Amerika in Amerikanci [America and Americans], Celovec 1912, pp. 544-547.
3 F. Baraga, Otawa Anamie Misinaigan [Ottawa Prayer Book], Wawiyatanong 1932; Id., Otchipwe AnHow amie Misinaigan [Ojibwe Prayer Book], Paris 1837; Id., Katolik Anamie Misinaigan [Catholic Prayer Book], Detroit 1846 – in Ottawa language; Id., Katolik Anamie Misinaigan [Catholic Prayer Book], Detroit 1846 – in Ojibwe Language; Id., Jesus obimadisiwin ajonda aking [Life of Jesus], Paris 1837 – in Ottawa language; Id., Jesus obimadisiwin ona aking [Life of Jesus], Paris 1837 – in Ojibwe language; Id., Katolik Enamiad a nanagatawendamowinan [Ojibwe: Catholic Christian Thoughts], Detroit 1850; Id., Kagige debwewinan kaginig Ge-Takwendang Katolik Enamiad [Ojibwe: Eternal Truths], Cincinnati 1855.
4 Id., A Theoretical and Practical Grammar of the Otchipwe Language – For the use of Missionaries, Detroit 1850.
5 Id., Popis navad in zaderžanja Indijanov Polnocne Amerike [Description of Indians of North America], Ljubljana 1837.
6 Ibid.
7 F. Baraga, Geschichte, Charakter, Sitten und Gebräuche der nord-amerikanischer Indier, Laibach 1837.
8 Id., Abrégé de l’histoire des Indiens de l’Amérique septentrionale, Paris 1837.
9 M. Klemencic, Frederic Irenej Baraga (1797-1868): Catholic Bishop, Missionary, and Scholar – Slovene, in E.R. Barkan (ed.), Making It in America: A Sourcebook on Eminent Ethnic Americans, Santa Barbara 2001, p. 28; I. cizmic - M. Klemencic, Croatian and Slovene Missionaries as Inventors and Explorers of the American West and Midwest, “Društvena istraživanja”, vol. 11., n. 4-5, 2002, pp. 767-773.
10 Ibid., pp. 773-778.
11 F. Pierz, Die Indianer in Nord-Amerika, ihre Lebensweise, Sitten, Gebräuche u.s.w, nach zehnjährigen Aufenhalte und gesammelten Erfahrungen unter den verschiedenen Stämmen, St. Louis 1855.
12 Stanonik, Franc Pirc cit., p. 61..
13 B. Požar, Friderick Baraga and His Book on the Manners of American Indians, “Acta Neophilologica”, 6, 1973, pp. 29-71; Stanonik, Friderik Baraga: ob dvestoletnici rojstva [Friderick Baraga: On the Occasion of the 200th Anniversary of His Birth], “Dve domovini/Two Homelands”, 7, 1996, pp. 15-32; A. Vovko, Baragova podoba v delih slovenskih zgodovinarjev, [Baraga’s Image in the Works of Slovene Historians], in S. Granda - M. Zupancic - P. Rot (eds.), Baraga in Trebnje: predavanja na Baragovem simpoziju v Trebnjem, 9. januarja 1998, Trebnje 1998, pp. 97-111; E. Škulj (ed.), Baragov simpozij v Rimu, Celje 2000, pp. 157-170; Klemencic, Frederic Irenej Baraga (1797–1868) cit., p. 28; cizmic - Klemencic, Croatian and Slovene Missionaries cit., pp. 767-773.
14 J. Stanonik, Franc Pirc v Ameriki, in F. Adamic et al. (eds.), V spomin Francu Pircu [In Memory of Franc Pirc] (1785-1880), Ljubljana 1982, pp. 27-32; M. Kodric, Franc Pirc in nastanek prvih slovenskih naselbin v Združenih državah Amerike [Franc Pirc and the Establishment of the First Slovene Settlements in the U.S.A.], “Dve domovini/Two Homelands” 18, 2003, pp. 53-62; A. Vovko, Pomembnejši slovenski biografski prispevki o misijonarju in izseljenskem duhovniku Francu Pircu [Important Slovene Contributions to the Biography of Missionary and Emigrant Priest Franc Pirc], “Dve domovini/Two Homelands”, 18, 2003, pp. 8-24; cizmic - Klemencic, Croatian and Slovene Missionaries cit, pp. 773- 778.
15 J. Stanonik, Andrej Bernard Smolnikar, “Zgodovinski casopis”, vol. 49, n. 2, 1995, pp. 183-191; Id., Andrej Bernard Smolnikar, in Žitnik - Glišic (eds.), Slovenska izseljenska književnost 2 cit., pp. 63-68; Id., Longfellow and Smolnikar, “Acta Neophilologica”, 1, 1968, pp. 3-40.
16 Id., Andrej Bernard Smolnikar cit., pp. 63-68; Id., Andrej Bernard Smolnikar in prvi slovenski poskus izdaje periodicnega glasila v Združenih državah [Andrej Bernard Smolnikar and the First Slovene Attempt to Publish a Periodical in the USA], – manuscript, Ljubljana 1980 (A copy of the manuscript is stored by the Institute for Studies of Slovene Emigration at the Scientific Research Center of the Slovene Academy of Arts and Sciences.
17 Those lectures were published by the Archive of the Republic of Slovenia and the Scientific Institute of the Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, in 1991 in a book by A. Fister, Izbrani spisi. Knjiga III: 26 Matjaž Klemencic, Danijel Grafenauer Govori o religiji [A. Fister: Selected Writings, Book III: Speeches on Religion], trans. by F. Jerman, Ljubljana 1992.
18 M. Britovšek, Anton Füster in revolucija 1848 v Avstriji, Maribor 1980; J. Stanonik, Anton Füster – A Slovene Forty-Eighter, “Acta Neophilologica”, 31, 1998, pp. 81-93.
19 F.S. Šusteršic, Slovenci v Ameriki [Slovenes in America], “Mohorjev koledar 1894”, pp. 15-27.
20 M. Klemencic, Jurij Trunk med Koroško in Združenimi državami Amerike ter zgodovina slovenskih naslebin v Laevillu, Kolorado, in v San Franciscu, Kalifornija [ Jurij Trunk Between Carinthia and the United States and the History of the Slovene Settlements in Leadville, Colorado, and San Francisco, California], Celovec-Ljubljana-Dunaj 1999, pp. 130-131.
21 Ibid., pp. 127-130.
22 More on impact of Trunk’s book Amerika in Amerikanci see in M. Drnovšek, Odmevnost Trunkove knjige Amerika in Amerikanci v letih 1912–1913, [Impact of Trunk’s Book Amerika in Amerikanci during the Years 1912–1913], vol. 43, n. 4, “Zgodovinski casopis”, 1989, pp. 606-609; Klemencic, Jurij Trunk med Koroško in Združenimi državami Amerike cit., pp. 131-135.
23 J. Trunk, Quer durch Amerika. Reisse Skizzen von Georg Trunk [Across America. Travel Sketches by George Trunk], Klagenfurt 1915.
24 Id., Na Jutrovem: Potopisne crtice iz Svete dežele [At the Orient: Travel Stories from the Holy Land], Celovec 1911.
25 Klemencic, Jurij Trunk med Koroško in Združenimi državami Amerike cit., pp. 34-37.
26 J. Trunk, Amerika [America], unpublished paper, San Francisco 1948.
27 Klemencic, Jurij Trunk med Koroško in Združenimi državami Amerike cit., pp. 397-404.
28 Trunk, Amerika cit., pp. 6-7; Klemencic, Jurij Trunk med Koroško in Združenimi državami Amerike cit., p. 399.
29 J. Marolt, Primerjava med Hamurabijevim zakonikom, Pentatevhom/Peteroknjižjem in zakonikom XII plošc [Hamurabi’s Laws and the Laws of XII Tables], “caopis za zgodovino in narodopisje”, vol. 69 (34), n. 2, 1998, pp. 209-245.
30 M. Klemencic, Ameriški Slovenci in NOB v Jugoslaviji: naseljevanje, zemljepisna razprostranjenost in odnos ameriških Slovencev do stare domovine od sredine 19. stoletja do konca druge svetovne vojne [American Slovenes and the National Liberation Movement in Yugoslavia: Settlement, Geographical Dispersion, and the Attitude of American Slovenes toward the Old Country from the Mid-nineteenth Century to World War II], Maribor 1987.
31 Id., Slovenes of Cleveland: The Creation of a New Nation and a New World Community: Slovenia and the Slovenes of Cleveland, Ohio, Novo mesto 1995.
32 Id., Jurij Trunk med Koroško in Združenimi državami Amerike cit..
33 Id., Nacionalna struktura mesta Rock Springs in okraja Sweetwater (Wyoming) s posebnim ozirom na Slovence [Ethnic Structure of the City of Rock Springs and Sweetwater County (WY) with special Emphasis on the Slovenes], in I. Štrukelj (ed.), Kultura, identiteta in jezik v procesih evropske integracije, Ljubljana 2000, pp. 214–233; M. Klemencic, Razvoj slovenske izseljenske skupnosti v Rock Springsu, Wyoming, od naselitve do zacetka 30-let 20. stoletja [Development of the Slovene Immigrant Community in Rock Springs, WY, from the First Slovene Settlers until the Beginning of the 1930s], “Dve domovini/Two Homelands”, 13, 2001, pp. 73-99.
34 cizmic - Klemencic, Croatian and Slovene Missionaries cit., pp. 761-783.
35 M. Drnovšek, O stališcih slovenskih socialistov v ZDA do vojne in jugoslovanskega vprašanja med prvo svetovno vojno [On the Standpoints of Slovene Socialists in the USA towards the War and the Yugoslav Question during World War I], “Prispevki za. zgodovino delavskega gibanja”, vol. 25/26, n. 1/2, 1975/76, pp. 75-96; M. Klemencic, Proletarec and the Acculturation of Slovene Workers in the United States, in C. Harzig (ed.), Labor Migration Project. Labor Newspaper Preservation Project: The Press of Labor Migrants in Europe and North America from 1880’s to 1930’s, Bremen 1985, pp. 475-486.
36 M. Kodric, Class consciousness among the second generation: expectations and responses within the Slovene National Benefit Society in the 1920s, “Migracijske teme”, vol. 4, n. 1-2, 1988, pp. 111-128.
37 Klemencic, Slovenes of Cleveland cit., p. 414.
38 M. Klemencic (ed.), Slovenski izseljenski tisk, “Znanstvena revija: humanistika”, vol. 3, n. 2, 1991, pp. 291-558; published also in “Dve domovini/Two Homelands”, 2-3, 1992.
39 A. Giordano - J. Žitnik - K. Djupedal - U. Beijbom - H. Bender - D. Tolfsby - O. Koivukangas - M. Klemencic - J. Wurl - B. Lambkin - A. Walaszek, Press and Emigration. Roundtable discussion, 1 October 1999, [within] AEMI - The Association of European Migration Institutions Annual Meeting, Portorož, Slovenia, 29 September – 2 October 1999, “Dve domovini/Two Homelands”, 10, 1999, pp. 151-167
40 M. Klemencic (ed.), Etnicni fraternalizem v priseljenskih deželah / Ethnic Fraternalism in Immigrant Countries, Maribor 1996.
41 “Dve domovini/Two Homelands”, 2-3, 1992, pp. 7-424.
42 M. Trebše-Štolfa - M. Klemencic (eds.), Slovensko izseljenstvo: zbornik ob 50-letnici Slovenske izseljenske matice, [Slovene Emigration; Almanac on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the Slovene Emigrant Society], Ljubljana 2001.
43 M. Klemencic - J. Stergar - S. Kristen - K. Munda-Hirnök - M. Trebše-Štolfa, Viri o demokratizaciji in osamosvojitvi Slovenije. (Del 4: Slovenci v zamejstvu in po svetu ter mednarodno priznanje Slovenije) [Sources on Democratization and the Independence Movement of Slovenia. (Part 4: Slovenes in Neighboring Countries and in the World and International Recognition of Slovenia] (=Viri, 20), Ljubljana 2005.
44 M. Kuzmic, Slovenski izseljenci iz Prekmurja v Bethlehemu v ZDA, 1893-1924: naselitev in njihove zgodovinske, socialne, politicne, literarne in verske dejavnosti [Slovene Emigrants from Prekmurje in Bethlehem, PA, in the USA, 1893–1924: Settlement and their Historic, Socio-Political, Literary and Religious Activities] (=Migracije, 2), Ljubljana 2001.
45 D. Friš, Ameriški Slovenci in Katoliška cerkev: 1871-1924 [American Slovenes and the Catholic Church: 1871–1924], Celovec-Ljubljana-Dunaj 1995.
46 D. Friš - B. Kolar - A. Vovko, Prvih sto let Kranjsko slovenske katoliške jednote: pregled zgodovine KSKJ, 1894–1994 [The First One Hundred Years of the Carnolian Slovene Catholic Union 1894–1994], Ljubljana 1997.
47 D. Friš, Korespondenca Kazimirja Zakrajška, O.F.M. (1907-1928) [Correspondence of Kazimir Zakrajšek, O.F.M. (1907-1928)], Ljubljana 1993; D. Friš, Korespondenca Kazimirja Zakrajška, O.F.M. (1928-1958) [Correspondence of Kazimir Zakrajšek, O.F.M. (1928-1958)], Ljubljana 1995; D. Friš, Korespondenca slovenskih katolicanov v ZDA med leti 1882-1924 [Correspondence of Slovene Catholics in the USA 1882-1924], Ljubljana 1999.
48 A. Vovko, The Foundation of the Yugoslav Emergency Council in New York, “Slovene Studies”, vol. 10, n. 2, 1988, pp. 191-197.
49 A. Vovko, Udje družbe sv. Mohorja v ZDA do leta 1900 [The U.S. Members of St. Hermagoras Society until 1900 ], “Dve domovini/Two Homelands”, 1, 1990, pp. 121-135; A. Vovko, The Myth of America and the Society of St. Raphael, “Slovene Studies”, vol. 13, n. 1, 1991, pp.107-110; A. Vovko, Odmev mita o Ameriki v Družbi sv. Rafaela [The Echo of the Myth of America in the Society of St. Raphael], “Zgodovinski casopis vol. 47, n. 4, 1993, pp. 563-568; A. Vovko, Življenje in delo Friderika Baraga v luci znanstvenih objav in bibliografskih podatkov [Life and Work of Friderick Baraga As Reflected by Scholarly Publications and Bibliographic Data ], in Škulj (ed.), Baragov simpozij v Rimu cit., pp. 207-225.
50 M. Drnovšek, Izseljevanje iz širše ljubljanske okolice 1890-1914 [Emigration from the Broader Vicinity of Ljubljana 1890-1914], Ph.D. Dissertation, Ljubljana 1993.
51 M. Klemencic, Images of America among Slovene and Other Yugoslav Migrants, in Distant Magnets: Expectations and Realities in the Immigrant Experience, 1840-1930, New York 1993, pp. 199-221.
52 M. Drnovšek, Usodna privlacnost Amerike [The Fatal Attraction of America], Ljubljana 1998.
53 M. Drnovšek, Pot slovenskih izseljencev na tuje: od Ljubljane do Ellis Islanda – Otoka solza v New Yorku, 1880-1924 [The Road of Slovene Emigrants to Foreign Lands; From Ljubljana to Ellis Island – Island of Tears in New York City, 1880-1924], Ljubljana 1991.
54 J. Žitnik - H. Glušic (eds.), Slovenska izseljenska književnost [Slovene Emigrant Literature], 3 vols., Ljubljana 1999.
55 M. Jurak - I. Mislej, Kulturno ustvarjanje Slovencev v Južni Ameriki: zbornik [Cultural Creativity of Slovenes in South America], Ljubljana 1995.
56 A. Podbrežnik, Kulturni stiki med Slovenijo in Novo Zelandijo (1923-2000) [Cultural Connections between Slovenia and New Zealand], Ph.D. Dissertation, Ljubljana 2003.
57 J. Petric, Svetovi Louisa Adamica: ob tridesetletnici smrti [The Worlds of Louis Adamic: On the Occasion of the 30th Anniversary of His Death], Ljubljana 1981.
58 Id., Avtobiografije slovenskih izseljencev v Združenih državah Amerike – [Autobiographies of Slovene Immigrants to the United States of America], Ph.D. Dissertation, Ljubljana 1987.
59 I. Milanic, Tematski sklopi v reviji Mladinski list-Juvenile (1922-1944) [The Themes in the Review Mladinski list-Juvenile (1922-1944], Ph.D. Dissertation, Ljubljana 2003.
60 J. Stanonik, Letters of Marcus Antonius Kappus from Colonial America. Part I, “Acta Neophilologica”, 19, 1986, pp. 33-57; Part II, “Acta Neophilologica”, 20, 1987, pp. 25-38; Part III, “Acta Neophilologica”, 21, 1988, pp. 3-9; Part IV, “Acta Neophilologica”, 22, 1989, pp. 39-50; Part V, “Acta Neophilologica”, 23, 1990, pp. 27-37; Part VI, “Acta Neophilologica”, 30, 1997, pp. 43-57.
61 Stanonik, Friderik Baraga: ob dvestoletnici rojstva cit., pp. 15-32.
62 Id., Ocipve in Ottawa [Otchibwe and Ottawa], “Zgodovinski casopis”, vol. 50, n. 1, 1996, pp. 65-69.
63 Id., Franc Pirc v Ameriki cit., pp. 27-32.
64 Z. Šmitek, Srecevanja z drugacnostjo: slovenska izkustva eksotike [Meetings with the Other, Slovenes Encounter with the Exotics], Radovljica 1995; Id., Klic daljnih svetov: Slovenci in neevropske kulture, [The Call from Very Far Away; Slovenes and Non-European Culture], Ljubljana 1986.
65 Id., Janez Krstnik Mesar - portret tonkinškega misijonarja iz 18. stoletja [ Janez Krstnik Mesar A Portrait of a Tonking Missionary from the 18th Century] , “Dve domovini/Two Homelands”, 5, 1994, pp. 7- 17. 66 Id., Egipt - dežela slovenske fascinacije [Egypt - The Land of Slovene Fascination], “casopis za kritiko znanosti”, vol. 29, n. 204-206, pp. 30-51; Id., Po Nilu v osrcje Afrike [Via Nile into the Midst of Africa], in J. Žontar - M. Benedik (eds.), Dokumenti slovenstva, Ljubljana 1994, pp. 239-243. 67 Id., Crusaders, Pilgrims, Penitents: Slovenian Medieval Contacts with the Holy Land, in W. Moskovich - O. Luthar - S. Schwarzband (eds.), Jerusalem in Slavic Culture, (=Jews and Slavs, 6), Ljubljana and Jerusalem 1999, pp. 203-214; Id., Križarji, romarji, spokorniki: naši srednjeveški stiki s Sveto deželo, “casopis za zgodovino in narodopisje”, vol. 71=36, n. 1-2, 2000, pp. 119-132.
68 Drnovšek: Pot slovenskih izseljencev na tuje cit., p. 244; Id., Usodna privlacnost Amerike cit., p. 39.
69 Ibid.
70 Id., Pot slovenskih izseljencev na tuje cit., p. 244.
71 J. Žitnik, Louis Adamic in sodobniki: 1948-1951 [Louis Adamic and Contemporaries: 1948-1951], Ljubljana 1992; Id., Pero in politika: zadnja leta Louisa Adamica [The Pen and Politics: Adamic’s Last Years of Life], Ljubljana 1993; Id., Orel in korenine med ‘brušenjem’ in cenzuro [The Eagle and The Roots between Grinding and Censorship], Ljubljana 1995.
72 Žitnik - Glušic (eds.), Slovenska izseljenska književnost cit
73 J. Žitnik, The Return of Slovene Emigrant Literature, “AEMI journal”, 1, 2003, pp. 106-111; Id., Globalization and the Prospects of Multicultural Coexistence and World Peace, “Journal of National Development”, vol. 16, n. 1/2, 2003, pp. 49-66.
74 Z. Žigon, Otroci dveh domovin: slovenstvo v Južni Ameriki [The Children of Two Homelands; Slovenes in South America], Ljubljana 1998.
75 Id., Izzivi drugacnosti: Slovenci v Afriki in na Arabskem polotoku [Provocation of Differentiation: Slovenians in Africa and in the Arab Peninsula], Ljubljana 2003.
76 R. Genorio, Slovenci v Kanadi / Slovenes in Canada (=Geographica Slovenica, 17), Ljubljana 1989.
77 Id., Slovenci v Argentini: geografske razsežnosti priseljevanja in razvoj njihovih naselbin v Buenos Airesu in Cordobi [Slovenians in Argentina: Geographic Dimensions of Slovene Immigration and Development of their Settlements in Buenos Aires and Cordoba], Ph.D. Dissertation
78 Id., Geographical Dimensions of Slovene Emigration around the World, “GeoJournal”, vol. 30, n. 3, 1993, pp. 225-229.
79 M. Kodric, The Press as a Link between the Leaders and the Rank and File of an Ethnic Fraternal Organization: Handling the Situation of Second Generation Membership in the KSKJ’S Organs, “Dve domovini/ Two Homelands”, 2/3, 1992, pp. 195-207; Id., Nekateri pristopi k problematiki druge generacije v okviru raziskovanja priseljenstva v ZDA, [The Issues of the Second Generation in U.S Immigration Research], “Dve domovini/Two Homelands”, 1, 1990, pp. 161-177; Id., Franc Pirc in nastanek prvih slovenskih naselbin cit., pp. 53-62; Id., Zanimanje slovenskih misijonarjev v Severni Ameriki za izseljevanje rojakov, kot se odraža v dopisih v Zgodnji danici [The Interest of Slovene Missionaries in North America in Slovene Immigration as Seen in Their Letters to Zgodnja Danica], “Dve domovini/Two Homelands”, 6, 1995, pp. 9-20.
80 B. Kolar, St. Joseph KSKJ local lodge, Bridgeport, Connecticut, “Dve domovini/Two Homelands”, 10, 1999, pp. 61-78; Id., Družba svetega Rafaela do ustanovitve ljubljanske podružnice [St. Raphael Society until the Establishment of Its Ljubljana Branch], “Dve domovini/Two Homelands
81 Britovšek, Anton Füster in revolucija 1848 v Avstriji cit.
82 B. Kolar, Izvirne poteze delovanja misijonarja Franca Pirca [Original Features in the Activities of Missionary Franc Pirc] “Dve domovini/Two Homelands”, n.18, 2003, pp. 35-52.
83 N. Canny, Why the reformation failed in Irland, “Journal of Ecclesiastic History”, XX, 1979, pp. 12-25. For obvious reasons I cannot deal here wit, problems of political thought and the fundamental relationship that exists between ancient states and the elaboration of modern political thought. It suffices to think of Machiavelli or the role of politics in Plato, Aristotle or Polybius in the development of political thought.

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Source
Kadar govorimo o Ameriki in Amerikancih razumemo pod tem imenom skupino držav, ki nosijo ime “Zedinjene amerikanske države” – United states of America, in njih prebivalce. Skoraj tri stoletja se že izseljujejo iz Evrope v te neizmerne pokrajine. V zadnjem casu je postal naval podoben pravemu preseljevanju narodov, ki so se mu pridružile tudi neštevilne cete Slovanov. Med temi cetami je tudi Slovencev prav znatno število. Razlicni narodi so se scasoma spojili v novo ljudstvo, ki je na novih tleh, pod ugodnim podnebjem, s cudovito duševno mocjo ustvarilo novo omiko, na katero gleda ves svet z opravicenim obcudovanjem. Tudi Slovenci so se udeleževali in se udeležujejo tega titanskega dela in zato je obilo vzrokov, da pogledamo tja, kjer stoji veliko naših bratov v vrstah delavcev za novo omiko.

When we talk about America and Americans we understand under this name a group of states bearing the name United States of America and their people. For almost three centuries peoples from Europe immigrate to this vast land. In recent period this immigration became similar to real movement of peoples. Also many Slavic peoples are included. Among them there are quite a few Slovenes. Different nations participated in creation of one new nation, which under good environmental conditions with marvelous spiritual strength created a new state which created a new culture in broader sense and became an object of admiration of the world. Slovenes also participated and are still participating in this titanic work and therefore there are many reasons for our research on this phenomenon.

From: Trunk Jurij, Amerika in Amerikanci [America and Americans], Celovec [Klagenfurt], 1912, pp. 3-4.

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