| 
The International Community and
the FRY/Belligerents
by Matjaz Klemencic
The
Scholars’ Initiative: Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies
2001-2005
Matjaž Klemencic: Team Leader, Dušan Janjic: Team Leader, Vlado
Anzinovic, Keith Doubt, Emil Kerenji, Alfred Bing, John Fine,
Vladimir Klemencic, Sumantra Bose, Zlatko Hažidedic, Miloš Kovic,
Steven Burg, Marko Attila Hoare, Vladimir Petrovic, Daniele
Convers,i Constantin Iordachi, Nikola Samardžic, Dušan Djordjevich,
A. Ross Johnson, Brendan Simms
(Part I | Part
II | Part III | Part
IIII)
Endnotes
1 Lorraine M. Lees: Keeping Tito Afloat: The United States,
Yugoslavia and the Cold War (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania
StateUniversity Press, 1997).
2 Matjaž Klemencic and Mitja Žagar: The Former Yugoslavia's
Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook (Series: Ethnic diversity
within nations). (Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO, and Oxford,
U.K.: ABC-CLIO, 2004), p. 289
3 A. Ross Johnson, “Security and Insecurity in the Balkans,”
in Klaus Lange and Leonid L. Fituni (eds.): Integrating Regional
and Global Security Cooperation (Munich: Hanns Seidel Stiftung,
2002), pp. 113–118.
4 Sabrina P. Ramet: The Three Yugoslavias: The Dual Challenge
of State-Building And Legitimation Among the Yugoslavs, 1918–2003
– manuscript.
5 Marek Waldenberg: Rozbicie Jugoslawii: od separacji Slowenii
do wojny kosowskiej. (Warszawa: Scholar, 2003); Jelena Guskova:
Istorija jugoslovenske krize 1990–2000 (History of the
Yugoslav Crisis 1990–2000), 2.vols. (Beograd: Izdavacki
graficki atelje “M,” 2003).
6 Milosevic launches his defense, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Balkan Report Vol. 8, No. 32, 3 September 2004 .
7 Macedonian Tribune (27 June 1991), p. 3.
8 Albert Bing, “Hrvatsko-americki odnosi 1991–1995”
— first draft of his doctoral dissertation, University
of Zagreb; Paul Shoup, “The Disintegration of Yugoslavia
and Western Foreign Policy in the 1980s” – unpublished
paper at International Conference ‘Rethinking the Dissolution
of Yugoslavia,’ Centre for South-East European Studies,
School of Slavonic and East European Studies/University College
London, 18–19 June 2004; Jože Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske
vojne 1991–2001 (Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 2003);
James Gow: Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy
and the Yugoslav War (New York: Columbia University Press; London:
Hurst, 1997); Steven L. Burg and Paul S. Shoup: The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention. (Armonk, NY,
and London, U.K.: M.E. Sharpe, 1999); Dimitrij Rupel: Skrivnost
države. Spomini na domace in zunanje zadeve 1989–
1992 (Secret of the State, Memoirs of Internal and Foreign Affairs,
1989–1992). (Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1992);
Stipe Mesic: Kako je srušena Jugoslavija – politicki
memoari (How Yugoslavia was put into ruins – Political
Memoires), 2nd rev. ed. (Zagreb: Mislav Press, 1994); Mario
Nobilo: Hrvatski feniks. Diplomatski procesi izza zatvorenih
vrata, 1990.–1997 (Croatian Phoenix. Diplomatic Procesess
Behind the Closed Doors, 1990–1997). (Zagreb: Nakladni
zavod Globus, 2003); Izetbegovic Alija: Cudo bosanskog otpora
(Miracle of Bosnian resistance). (Sarajevo: BiH Press, 1995);
Alija Izetbegovic, Sjecanja: autobiografski zapis (Sarajevo:
TKD Šahinpašic, 2001) Borisav Jovic: Zadnji dnevi
SFRJ – odlomki iz dnevnika (Last days of the SFRY –
Excerpts from the Diary). (Ljubljana: Slovenska knjiga, 1996);
Michael Libal: Limits of Persuasion. Germany and the Yugoslav
Crisis, 1991–1992. (Westport and London: Praeger, 1997);
Bill Clinton: My Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004); Klaus
Peter Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle bei der völkerrechtlichen
Anerkennung der Republik Kroatien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung
des deutschen Außenministers Genscher. (Marburg: Tectum
Verlag, 2000); Henry Wynaendts: L’Engrenage: Chroniques
yougoslaves, juillet 1991–août 1992. (Paris: Denoèl,
1993); Jelena Guskova: Istorija jugoslovenske krize 1990–2000.
(Beograd: Izdavacki graficki zavod Atelje “M”, 2003;
David Rieff: Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West.
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995); Hayden Robert M.: The
Beginning of the End of Federal Yugoslavia: The Slovenian Amendment
Crisis of 1989 (=The Carl Beck Papers, Number 1001). (Pittsburgh:
The Center for Russian and East European Studies, University
of Pittsburgh, December 1992); Gale Stokes, John Lampe, Dennison
Rusinow and Julie Mostov, “Instant History: Understanding
the Wars of Yugoslav Succession,” Slavic Review, vol.
55, no. 1, (1996), pp. 136–160; Sabrina P. Ramet, “The
Yugoslav Crisis and the West: Avoiding ‘Vietnam’
and Blundering into ‘Abyssinia’”, in East
European Politics and Societies, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Winter 1994),
pp. 189—219; Warren Zimmermann: Origins of a Catastrophe:
Yugoslavia and its Destroyers—America’s Last Ambassador
Tells What Happened and Why (New York: Times Books, 1996) Daniele
Conversi, “German-Bashing and the Breakup of Yugoslavia,”
The Donald W. Treadgold Papers in Russian, East European, and
Central Asian Studies, no. 16 (Seattle: The Henry M. Jackson
School of International Studies, University of Washington, March
1998).
9 Communist Political Succession; U.S. Policy Toward Post-Tito
Yugoslavia, The RAND Corporation, R-1058-DOS (abridged), June
1972, Arnold L. Horelick and A. Ross Johnson), public release
in 2003.
10 Ross Johnson, “Political Leadership in Yugoslavia:
Evolution of the League of Communists,” RAND R-2049/1,
November 1983, public release on March 6, 2003.
11 International Institute for Strategic Studies, Conference,
33rd (1991), Zurich, Switzerland. New dimensions in international
security. London: Brassey's for the International Institute
for Strategic Studies, 1991/1992.
12 YUGOSLAVIA TRANSFORMED Abstract: NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE
Pages: 0023 Pub Date: 10/1/1990 Release Date:9/29/1999 Case
Number: F-1995-00796, http://www.foia.cia.gov/search.asp?pageNumber=1&freqReqRecord=nic_geo_eur.txt.
—First time mentioned in New York Times, 28 November,
1990, p. A7.
13 Warren Zimmermann: Origins of a Catastrophe: Yugoslavia
and its Destroyers……p.. 84.
14 Ben Cohen and George Stamkovski (eds.): With No Peace to
Keep ... United Nations Peacekeeping and the War in the Former
Yugoslavia (London: Grainpress Ltd., 1995), p. 149; Jane M.
O. Sharp: Anglo-American Relations and Crisis in Yugoslavia
(Paris: Serie transatlantique, 1999), p. 16; Compare Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, 17 December 1991.
15 Laura Silber and Allan Little: Yugoslavia. A Death of a
Nation. (London: Penguin Books, 1997), p. 201.
16 Louis Sell: Slobodan Miloševic and the Destruction
of Yugoslavia (Durham, N.C., & London: Duke University Press,
2002).
17 Susan L. Woodward: Balkan Tragedy. Chaos and Dissolution
after the Cold War (Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution,
1995), pp. 157–158.
18 Slovene intellectuals published a Slovene national program
in Nova revija, vol. 6, no. 57 (1987).
19 James Gow, “Deconstructing Yugoslavia,” Survival,
vol. 33 (July/August 1991), p. 308.
20 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy …, p. 158.
21 Ibid, p. 159.
22 Interview of Matjaž Klemencic with James Baker on 2
February, 2005.
23 Boris Frlec was since 1989 ambassador of SFRY in Bonn. It
is interesting to note, that he was a Slovene who in accordance
with Brioni Agreement still continued to represent Yugoslavia.
In 1997–1999 he was also Minister of Foreign Affairs of
Republic of Slovenia.
24 Libal: Limits of Persuasion …, p. 39.
25 See: Takis Michas, Unholy Alliance: Greece and Milosevic's
Serbia in the Nineties, Eastern European Studies No. 15, (May)
2002 (College Station, Tex : Texas A&M University Press,
2002).
26 Quoted in Peter Radan, “Secessionist Self-Determination:
The Cases of Slovenia and Croatia,” Australian Journal
of International Affairs, Vol. 48, No. 2 (November 1994), p.
187; Guskova: Istorija jugoslovenske krize 1990–2000 …—
in Part two of this book there is a special chapter devoted
to relations of Soviet Union/Russia towards the Yugoslav Crisis.
27 Jovic: Zadnji dnevi SFRJ …, p. 354 (entry for 10 July
1991).
28 Jovic: Zadnji dnevi SFRJ ..., p. 356 (entry for 11 July
1991).
29 Jovic: Zadnji dnevi SFRJ ..., p. 360 (entry for 7 August
1991).
30 Jovic: Zadnji dnevi SFRJ ..., pp. 362 (entry for 8 August).
31 Jovic: Zadnji dnevi SFRJ ..., p. 107 (entry for 16 February
1990)..
32 Jovic: Zadnji dnevi SFRJ ..., pp. 447–466 (entry for
14 May 1992).
33 Imre Szilágyi, “Hungary and the Disintegration
of Yugoslavia,” paper presented at Association for the
Study of Nationalities, Ninth Annual World Convention, New York,
Columbia University, 15–17 April 2004.
34 Ibid.
35 Borisav Jovic: Zadnji dnevi SFRJ – odlomki iz dnevnika.
(Ljubljana: Slovenska knjiga, 1996), p. 224 (entry for 10 December
1990).
36 Jovic: Zadnji dnevi SFRJ ..., p. 237 (entry for 9 January
1991).
37 Jože Pirjevec: Jugoslavija 1918–1992. Nastanek,
razvoj ter razpad Karadjordjeviceve in Titove Jugoslavije. (Koper:
Založbe Lipa, 1995), p. 411.
38 Imre Szilágyi, “Hungary and the disintegration
of Yugoslavia”…, ibid. Comment [MK1]:
39 Jens Reuter, “Jugoslawien: Versagen der internationalen
Gemeinschaft?” Südosteuropa, vol. 42, no. 6 (1993),
p. 333.
40 Michael Libal: Limits of Persuasion …, p. 23.
41 Ibid.
42 Le Monde (13 September 1991), pp. 2, 3.
43 Le Monde (9 February 1993), p.2.
44 “Deutschland als Schutzmacht?”, Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung (5 July 1991).
45 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle …, pp. 96–97.
46 Roger Morgan, “Die bilateralen Beziehungen zwischen
Großbritannien und Frankreich seit 1945.” In Kastendiek
Hans, Rohe Karl and Angelika Volle (Eds.): Länderbericht
Großbritannien. Geschichte – Politik – Wirtschaft
– Gesellschaft. (Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische
Bildung 1999), pp. 449–458
47 On the role the Netherlands played see Norbert Both, From
Indiference to Entrapment: The Netherlands and the Yugoslav
Crisis 1990–
1995 (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2000), 267 pp.
48 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle …, 100; Compare also:
Die Niederlande und Deutschland. Nachbarn in Europa. (Hannover:
Niedersächsische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung,
1992).
49 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle …, p. 109.
50 Erklärung des Parteivorsitzendentreffens zu Jugoslawien
vom 9. Juli 1991, published in: Presseservice SPD 251/91, 10
July 1991; Zeitler:
Deutschlands Rolle …, p. 109.
51 Lojze Peterle: Z nasmehom zgodovine. (Celje, Celovec, Gorica:
Mohorjeva družba, 2004), p. 183.
52 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001…, p.
41.
53 Marc Weller, “The International Response to the Dissolution
of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,” American
Journal of International Law, vol. 86 (July 1992), pp. 570–571;
New York Times, 19 May 1991, p. A10.
54 For example in June 1992 Senate adopted special resolution
calling for U.S. involvement in Bosnia. See: New York Times,
11 June 1992, p. A6.
55 Even James Baker remembered her numerous resolutions in
the House of Representatives on behalf of the Serbs in interview
with Matjaž
Klemencic on 2 February, 2005.
56 American Srbobran, (15 August 1990), p. 3.
57 Paul Hockenos: Homeland Calling. Exile Patriotism and the
Balkan Wars (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003),
pp. 145–146.
58 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, (19 December 1991), p.2.
59 Klemencic, “The Relationship of the Yugoslav Diaspora
to the Dissolution of the Former Yugoslavia,” the immigrants
in the USA sent many petitions to the US politicians in which
they demanded the recognition of Slovenia and Croatia. See for
example Matjaž Klemencic, Milica Trebše- Štolfa
eds.: Viri o demokratizaciji in osamosvojitvi Slovenije. IV.
Del: Slovenci v zamejstvu in po svetu ter mednarodno priznanje
Slovenije), (=Sources on Democratization and Independence of
Slovenia. Part IV: Slovenes in neighborcountries
and International Recognition of Slovenia). Viri 20, in print.
60 Frankfurter Algemeine Zeitung, (11 March 1991), p.3.
61 New York Times, (19 June 1991), p. A13
62 New York Times, (17 June 1991), p. A3
63 Silber and Little: Yugoslavia. A Death of a Nation..., pp.
150-152: conversation with Lojze Peterle on June 13, 2004; Baker
admitted that also in his interview with Matjaž Klemencic
on February 2, 2005.
64 Quoted in Robert L. Hutchings: American Diplomacy and the
End of the Cold War: An Insider’s Account of US Policy
in Europe 1989–
1992 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), p.
311.
65 New York Times, (22 June 1991), p. A1, A4.
66 James A. Baker III: The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution,
War and Peace 1989–1992 (New York: G. Putnam’s Sons,
1995), p. 483.
67 Baker: The Politics of Diplomacy …, p. 640.
68 Tomac: The Struggle for the Croatian State …, p. 126.
69 Peterle: Z nasmehom zgodovine …, p. 167.
70 Borislav Jovic: Poslednji dani SFRJ – izvodi iz dnevnika
(Beograd: Politika, 1995), p. 281
71 Baker: The Politics of Diplomacy …, pp. 481–482.
72 Kucan, in interview with Sabrina P. Ramet, Ljubljana, 6
September 1999, quoted in the manuscript of the forthcoming
book by Sabrina Ramet, “Three Yugoslavias.”
73 “Platform Concerning the Future of the Yugoslav Community,”
Yugoslav Survey, vol. 32, no. 2 (1991), pp. 39–44; Silber
and Little: Yugoslavia. A Death of a Nation …, p. 148.
74 Božo Repe, “10 let samostojne Slovenije (4):
Mucno in bolece locevanje siamskih dvojckov” Delo (23
June 2001), p. 12.
75 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, (15 February 1991); Zeitler:
Deutschlands Rolle bei der völkerrechtlichen Anerkennung
..., p. 124.
76 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, (5 April 1991); Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, (15 April 1991); Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle
bei der
völkerrechtlichen Anerkennung ..., p. 124.
77 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, (14 May 1991); Zeitler:
Ibid.
78 Archiv der Gegenwart (Zeitschrift), 1. July 1991, p. 35795;
Zeitler: Ibid.
79 Financial Times, (23 May 1991), p. 1.
80 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, (15 April 1991); Zeitler:
Deutschlands Rolle ..., p. 125.
81 Hans-Joachim Hoppe, “Moscow and the Conflict in Former
Yugoslavia,” Aussenpolitik, vol. 43, no. 3 (1997), p.
269.
82 Zdravko Tomac: The Struggle for the Croatian State: Through
Hell to Diplomacy (Zagreb: Profikon, 1993), p. 449
83 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle bei der völkerrechtlichen
Anerkennung ..., p. 116; Jonathan Eyal: Europe and Yugoslavia:
Lessons from a
Failure. Whitehall Paper no. 19. (London: Royal United Services
Institute for Defence Studies, 1993), p. 15.
84 Quoted in Ivankovic Nenad: Bonn. Die zweite kroatische Front.
(Gießen: Justus-Liebig-Universitäts, 1996), p. 33;
Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle..., p. 116.
85 Hans-Dietrich Genscher: Erinnerungen. (Berlin: Siedler Verlag,
1995), p. 934; Zeitler: Ibid.
86 Quoted in Ivankovic: Bonn. Die zweite kroatische Front ...,
p. 37.
87 Auswärtiges Amt der Bundesrepubliek Deutschland: 20
Jahre KSZE, 1973–1993. Eine Dokumentation, 2. Aufgabe,
Köln 1993, p. 237.
88 Compare, Genscher: Erinnerungen ..., pp. 934–395;
Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle ..., pp. 116–117.
89 Europäisches Parlament, Generaldirektion Information
und Öffentlichkeitsabreit. Zentrale Pressabteilung, No.
PE 149.559/DE, p. 8, as well No. PE 149.560/DE, p. 2; Zeitler:
Deutschlands Rolle ..., p. 150.
90 Presseerklärung No. 61/91 vom 04. Juli 1991 der CDU/CSU,
deutsche Gruppe in der Fraktion der europäischen Volkspartei
(Christlich Demokratische Fraktion) des Europäische Parlaments.
91 Compare, Presseerklärung No. 60/91 vom 03. Juli 1991
der CDU/CSU, deutsche Gruppe in der Fraktion der europäischen
Volkspartei (Christlich Demokratische Fraktion) des Europäische
Parlaments.
92 Otto von Habsburg: Zurück zur Mitte. (Wien und München:
Amalthea, 1991), p. 70.
93 Stephan Baier and Eva Demmerle: Otto von Habsburg. Die Biografie.
(Wien: Amalthea, 2002), p. 450.
94 Ibid.
95 Ibid.
96 Ibid., pp. 450–451.
97 Pirjevec, Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 …, p.
42; Warren Zimmermann, “The Last Ambassador: A Memoir
of the Collapse of Yugoslavia,” Foreign Affairs, vol.
74, no. 2 (March–April 1995), pp. 7, 12.
98 Gow: Triumph of the Lack of Will …, p. 267; Beverly
Crawford, “Explaining Defection from International Cooperation:
Germany’s Unilateral Recognition of Croatia,” World
Politics, vol. 48, no. 5 (July 1996), p. 493.
99 Martin Rosenfeldt, “Deutschlands und Frankreichs Jugoslawienpolitik
in Rahmen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (1991–1993),”
Südosteuropa, vol. 42, no. 11–12 (1993), p. 624.
100 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 …,
p. 43.
101 Ivan Ivekovic, “State Development and the Political
Economy of International Relations: The Asymmetrical Client-State
in the Balkans and Transcaucasia, “ in Stefano Bianchini
and Robert Craig Nation, editors, The Yugoslav Conflict and
its Implications for International Relations, Ravena, Longo
Editore, 1998), pp. 203.
102 Rade Veljanovski [former chief editor of Belgrade Radio
and Television], “Turning the Electronic Media Around,”
in Nebojsa Popov, Srpska strana rata, Belgrade, Republica, 1996,
republished in English translation as The Road to War in Serbia,
Budapest, Central European Press, 2000, p.573; A. Ross Johnson,
“Security and Insecurity in the Balkans,”
103 Hans-Dietrich Genscher: Erinnerungen, p. 939; Rupel: Skrivnost
države.. pp. 154–155.
104 Silber and Little: Yugoslavia. A Death of a Nation ...,
p. 164.
105 Uroš Lipušcek in his book Ave Wilson: ZDA in
prekrajanje Slovenije v Versaillesu 1919–1920. (Ljubljana:
Sophia, 2003) 395 pp. successfully proved that there was an
option for smaller states in the region of former Yugoslavia
on the table of U.S. Department of
State analysts after World War 1.
106 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 …,
pp. 53–54.
107 Rosalyn Higgins, “The New United Nations and Former
Yugoslavia,” International Affairs, vol. 63, no. 3 (July
1993), p. 473.
108 Archiv der Gegenwart (Zeitschrift), 18 July 1991, 35855;
Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle ..., pp. 116–117.
109 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle bei der völkerrechtlichen
Anerkennung ..., pp. 119–120
110 Rupel: Skrivnost države …, pp. 158–182.
111 Matjaž Klemencic, “Slovenia at the Crossroads
of the Nineties: From the First Multiparty Elections and the
Declaration of Independence to Membership in the Council of
Europe,” Slovene Studies, vol. 14, no. 1 (1992 —
published in 1994), p. 11.
112 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy ..., p. 168.
113 Hans-Dietrich Genscher: Erinnerungen…, p. 945.
114 Lukic and Lynch, “U.S. Policy” ..., pp. 267–268.
115 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 ..., pp.
77–78.
116 Libal: Limits of Persuasion …, pp. 44–45.
117 Compare: Gabriele Brenke, “Die Außenpolitik
der Bundesrepublik Deutschland,” in Internationale Politik
1991–1992, (München 1994), p. 130. She does not mention
any relevant document or source.
118 On the role of Germany see also Daniele Conversi: German-Bashing
and the Breakup of Yugoslavia …
119 Politika ekspres (Belgrade, 2 August 1991), as summarized
in Tanjug (2 August 1991) in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe),
5 August
1991, p. 53.
120 MTI (Budapest) 28 August 1991, in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern
Europe), 29 August 1991, p. 9.
121 AFP (Paris), 5 July 1991, in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern
Europe), 5 July 1991, p. 1.
122 Walter Lukan and Peter Jordan (eds.): Makedonien: Geographie,
ethnische Struktur, Geschichte, Sprache und Kultur, Politik,
Wirtschaft, Recht. (Wien [etc.]: P. Lang, 1998), 479 pp; Matjaž
Klemencic, “Pregled zgodovine Makedonije in Makedoncev
od naselitve Slovanov v 6. stoletju do samostojne države
s spornim imenom v 21. stoletju.” In Oto Luthar and Jurij
Perovšek (eds.): Zbornik Janka Pleterskega. (Ljubljana:
Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU, 2003), pp. 91–105.
123 Parlamentarisch-Politischer Pressedienst, vol. 42, no.
77, 10 July 1991, p. 1; Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle …,
p. 109.
124 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle …, p. 100; Genscher:
Erinnerungen, p. 958.
125 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle …, p. 100.
126 Le Monde, (13 September 1991), p. 2.
127 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle …, p. 97.
128 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle …, p. 97.
129 Sell: Slobodan Miloševic and the Destruction of Yugoslavia
..., p.44.
130 Quoted in Reneo Lukic and Allen Lynch, “U.S. Policy
Towards Yugoslavia: From Differentiation to Disintegration,”
in Taju G. C.
Thomas and H. Richard Friman (eds.): The South Slav Conflict:
History, Religion, Ethnicity, and Nationalism (New York and
London: Garland Publishing, 1996), p. 266.
131 Baker III: The Politics of Diplomacy …, p. 636.
132 Compare: Richard Holbrooke: To End a War. (New York: The
Modern Library, 1998), p. 29.
133 Baker III: The Politics of Diplomacy …, p. 636.
134 Ibid.
135 Holbrooke: To End a War …, pp. 41–42.
136 Baier and Demmerle: Otto von Habsburg..., pp. 470–472.
137 Ibid.
138 Baier and Demmerle: Otto von Habsburg..., p. 473.
139 Baier and Demmerle: Otto von Habsburg..., p. 474.
140 Compare, Gemeinsamer Entschließungsantag zur Lage
in Jugoslawien vom 09. Oktober 1991, Europäisches Parlament,
DOCDE/RC/116975..
141 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle ..., p. 154.
142 Die Welt, (2/3 November 1991).
143 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle ..., pp. 155–157.
144 Osloer Erklärung des Ministerrates des Nordatlantikrats
der NATO vom 04. Juni 1992. Bulletin No. 64, 12 June 1992, p.
613.
145 Wortlautauszüge des Briefes von Genscher an Pérez
de Cuéllar. DPA, 15 December 1991; Zeitler: Deutschlands
Rolle ..., p. 168.
146 Wortlautauszüge aus dem Briefe des UNO-Generalsekretärs
an Genscher. DPA, 15 December 1991; Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle
..., pp. 168–169.
147 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle ..., p. 169.
148 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, (16 December 1991).
149 John Newhouse, “Bonn, der Westen und die Auflösing
Jugoslawiens: der Versagen der Diplomatie. Chronik eines Skandals,”
Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik 1992,
no. 10, p. 1195.
150 Silber and Little: Yugoslavia. The Death of a Nation ...,
p. 190.
151 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 ..., p. 80.
152 Baker’s speech in New York. See, Europa Archiv 21/1991,
S.D 552; and Archiv der Gegenwart, 8 November 1991, 36204.
153 Rede der Bundesministers des Auswärtigen, Genscher,
Hans-Dietrich am 25. September 1991, in Außenpolitik der
Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Dokumente von 1949 bis 1994, p.
824. Edited by Auswärtiges Amt, Referat Öffentlichkeitsarbeit.
154 UN Security Council-Resolution 713/1991. Europa Archiv
21/1991, S. D 550.
155 Reneo Lukic, “Yugoslavie: Chronique d’une fin
annoncée,” Politique internationale 53 (Fall 1991),
p. 138.
156 Silber and Little: Yugoslavia. The Death of a Nation ...,
p. 191.
157 Tomac: The Struggle for the Croatian State ..., p. 155
158 Tomac: The Struggle for the Croatian State ..., pp. 156–157;
I agree with Ross Johnson’s comments who wrote:”
I I would not accept uncritically the Tomac version. Seems improbable
that Gorbachev would have telephoned Kadijevic. Maybe some Soviet
intervention, but not this one. Croatian paranoia?”
159 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle..., pp. 166–167.
160 James A. Baker III: The Politics of Diplomacy…, p.
638.
161 Sabrina P. Ramet: The Three Yugoslavias…
162 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 11 November 1991; Zeitler:
Deutschlands Rolle …, p. 94.
163 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle …, p. 94.
164 Gow: Triumph of the Lack of Will ..., pp. 186, 193.
165 “Treaty Provisions for the Convention,” Review
of International Affairs, vol. 42, no. 995–97, p. 33
166 Quoted in New York Times (26 October 1991), p. 5.
167 Ibid.
168 Carsten Giersch and Daniel Eisermann, “Die westliche
Politik und der Kroatien-Krieg 1991–1992,” Südosteuropa,
vol. 43, no. 3–4
(1994), p. 110.
169 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy ..., p. 181.
170 Financial Times, (9–10 November 1991), p. 24.
171 A. Ross Johnson wrote in his commentary: - It seems to
me the Great Serbia project was not abandoned – realistically,
it could not encompass every single Serb in all of SFRY, but
the Serb majority areas in Croatia and B-H for sure. Had the
war ended in 1994, the
Great Serbia project would have been mostly achieved.
172 Elisabeth Roberts, “Next Balkan Flashpoint?”
The World Today, vol. 54, no. 4 (April 1999), p. 402.
173 Der Bundesminister des Auswärtigen, Mitteilung für
die Presse No. 1248/91 (22 November 1991).
174 UN Security Council-Resolution 721/1991. Archiv der Gegenwart,
(23 December 1991), p. 36347.
175 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 ..., pp.
98–99; The Guardian, 28 November 1991.
176 Genscher: Erinnerungen …, p. 958.
177 Many observers have seen standpoints expressed by German
government at this press conference as a sign of indulgence
— i.e. German government ought to change its plan expressed
in Rome a week before that it shall recognize Slovenia and Croatia
already in 1991. Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle …, p. 96.
178 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle …, p. 96.
179 UN Security Council-Resolution 724/1991. Archiv der Gegenwart,
23 December 1991, 36349.
180 Zeitler: Deutschlands Rolle ..., pp. 169–170.
181 Zametica: The Yugoslav Conflict ..., p. 65; Genscher: Erinnerungen
..., p. 961.
182 For an effective rebuttal of Germanophobic myths in connection
with Yugoslavia, see Daniele Conversi: German-Bashing and the
Breakup of Yugoslavia …
183 Gustav Gustenau, “Die 'Neuordnung Jugoslawiens',”
Österreichische Milit. Zeitschrift 1992, no. 2, p. 106.
184 Roberto Bendini and Jakkie Potgieter: Analysis Report:
Former Yugoslavia, Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project.
Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina
(New York-Geneva: United Nations, 1996), pp. 21, 26, 195.
185 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 ..., pp.
107–109.
186 Branka Magaš and Ivo Žanic (eds.): Rat u Hrvatskoj
i Bosni i Hercegovini, 1991–1995 (Zagreb: Jesenski i Turk;
Sarajevo: Dani, 1999), p.89.
187 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 ..., p. 109–110.
188 Silber and Little: Yugoslavia. A Death of a Nation ...,
p. 198.
189 Cohen and Stamkovski (eds.): With no Peace to Keep ...,
pp. 70–72.
190 Independent (4 February 1992); New York Times (17 February
1992), p. A7.
191 Warren Zimmermann: Origins of a Catastrophe …, pp.
159–160; Boutros Boutros-Ghali: Unvanquished: A U.S.–U.N.
Saga (London and New York: I. B. Taurus Publishers, 1999), p.
38.
192 This problem was treated also in discussion at a Conference
on Dissolution of Former Yugoslavia in London in in June 2004
where Prof. Paul Shoup of University of Virginia criticized
U.S. Government for not doing everything it could to ensure
territorial integrity of Croatia after Croatia was recognized
by U.S. Government.
193 MacKenzie Lewis: Peacekeeper. The Road to Sarajevo. (Vancouver-Toronto:
Douglas & Mc Intyre, 1993).
194 Leo Tindemans et al.: Unfinished Peace. Report of the International
Commission on the Balkans (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace; Berlin: Aspen Institute, 1996), p.
39.
195 Peter Carrington, “Turmoil in the Balkans: Developments
and Prospects,” RUSI Journal, vol. 137, no. 5 (October
1992), p. 4.
196 Loring M. Danforth: The Macedonian Conflict. Ethnic Nationalism
in a Transnational World. (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1995), 273 pp.
197 Ibid., p. 30–32.
198 Allcock, John B.: “Macedonia.” - in: Turnock,
David & Carter, Francis W., eds.: The States of Eastern
Europe. Volume II: South-Eastern Europe. (Aldershot, Brookfield,
Singapore, Sydney: Ashgate, 1999), pp 141–166.
199 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy …, p. 241–243.
200 Oleg Levitin, “Inside Moscow’s Kosovo Muddle,”
Survival (Spring 2000), pp. 130–140.
201 V. K. Volkov, “Tragedija Jugoslavii,” Novaja
i novejšaja istoria (1994), no. 4–5, pp. 19–20.
202 Baker: The Politics of Diplomacy ..., p. 639; Cohen and
Stamkovski (eds.): With no Peace to Keep ..., p. 150.
203 Republika (1 November 1991), p. 13.
204 Zametica: The Yugoslav Conflict ..., p. 38.
205 Adam E. Roberts, “Communal Conflict as a Challenge
to International organization: The Case of Former Yugoslavia,”
Review of International Studies 21 (1995), p. 401.
206 The Independent (3 April 1992); Bendini and Potgieter:
Analysis Report: Former Yugoslavia ..., p. 2; Alexander Gorelik,
“UNPROFOR: Working in the Name of Peace,” International
Affairs, vol. 51, no. 3 (1991), p. 118. ; MacKenzie Lewis: Peacekeeper.
The Road to
Sarajevo. (Vancouver-Toronto: Douglas & Mc Intyre, 1993).
207 The Independent (27 September 1992).
208 Leslie Benson: Yugoslavia: A Concise History. (New York:
Palgrave, 2001), p. 165.
209 As quoted in a speech of Dobrica Cosic at Pale, 5 May 1993,
where he was trying to convince Bosnian Serb Parliament to accept
Vance-Owen Plan. Silber and Little: Yugoslavia. Death of a Nation
..., p. 286.
210 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy ..., 251, 289–294; New York
Times, (17 June 1992), p. A7; New York Times, (15 July 1992),
p. A6.
211 Star Tribune (22 September 1995), p. 1A.
212 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 ..., p. 124.
213 Vjesnik, (4 March 1992), p. 1; Magaš and Žanic
(eds.): Rat u Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini, 1991–1995
..., 385.
214 Baker III: The Politics of Diplomacy ..., pp. 639–640.
215 Lewis MacKenzie: Peacekeeper. The Road to Sarajevo. (Vancouver,
Toronto: Douglas&McIntyre, 1993), pp. 106-107.
216 Tindemans et al.: Unfinished Peace ..., p. 48; Carrington,
“Turmoil in the Balkans ...,” p. 2.
217 New York Times, (29 August 1993), p. A10.
218 Jasminka Udovicki and James Ridgeway (eds.): Burn this
House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia (Durham and London:
Duke University Press, 1997), p. 206.
219 Pirjevec, jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001……,131
220 Vreme, (27 June 1994), p. 18.
221 Zimmermann: Origins of a Catastrophe ..., p. 190.
222 Erasmus (1994), no. 9, p. 101; Cohen and Stamkovski (eds.):
With No Peace to Keep ..., p. 152.
223 Zimmermann: Origins of a Catastrophe ..., p. 192.
224 Gow: Triumph of the Lack of Will ..., p. 88.
225 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy …, pp. 234–235.
226 MacKenzie: Peacekeeper ..., 194.
227 Dick A. Leurdijk: The United Nations and NATO in the Former
Yugoslavia: Limits to Diplomacy and Force (The Hague: Netherlands
Atlantic Commission and the Netherlands Institute of International
Relations “Clingendael,” 1996), p. 24.
228 Boutros-Ghali: Unvanquished: A.U.S.–U.N. Saga ...,
p. 41.
229 Richard H. Ullman (ed.): The World and Yugoslavia’s
Wars (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996), p. 100.
230 Tom Gallagher, “Bosnian Brotherhood,” Transition,
vol. 1, no. 3 (15 March 1995), p. 23.
231 Bendini and Potgieter: Analysis Report: Former Yugoslavia
..., p. 66–83.
232 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy ..., 289.
233 MacKenzie: Peacekeeper ..., p. 207.
234 Baker III: The Politics of Diplomacy ..., p. 648–650.
235 Mac Kenzie: Peacekeeper ..., p. 198–200; Leurdijk:
The United Nations and NATO in the Former Yugoslavia ..., p.
23.
236 Tindemans et al.: Unfinished Peace ..., p. 61; Rosefeldt,
“Deutschlands und Frankreichs Jugoslawienpolitik ...,”
p. 648–649; New York
Times, (29 June 1992), p. 6; Mathieu Braunstein : François
Mitterrand à Sarajevo - 28 juin 1992 - le rendez-vous
manqué (Paris:L'Harmattan, 2001)
237 Sumantra Bose: Bosnia after Dayton. Nationalist Partition
and International Intervention. (London: Hurst and Company,
2002), p. 18.
238 Jovic: Zadnji dnevi SFRJ ..., p. 428–429 (entry for
19 February 1992).
239 “German Foreign Policy and European Political Cooperation,”
German Politics and Society, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1995), pp.
3-5.
240 This is not understood by all observers of the Yugoslav
crisis. A good example is General Charles G. Boyd, who writes
in “Making Peace with the Guilty,” in the September–October
1995 issue of Foreign Affairs (vol. 74, no. 5) that “all
factions in the former Yugoslavia have pursued the same objective—avoiding
minority status in Yugoslavia or any successor state—and
all have used the tools most readily available to achieve that
end.”
241 This logically leads to the question of whether the specter
of a Serbian determination and capacity to fight with all means
and at all costs against an international intervention raised
by the opponents of such an intervention was based on a realistic
perception.
242 Libal: Limits of Persuasion ..., pp. 124–127.
243 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 ..., p. 145.
244 Vulliamy Ed: Seasons in Hell: Understanding Bosnia’s
War. (New York and London: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 96–97.
245 Gow: Triumph of the Lack of Will ..., p. 207.
246 Madeleine Albright: Madam Secretary. (New York: Maramax
Books, 2003), p. 181.
247 Newhouse, “Bonn, die Westen und die Auflösung
Jugoslawiens ...,” p. 1203.
248 Cohen and Stamkovski (eds.): With no Peace to Keep ...,
pp. 55, 183.
249 Cohen and Stamkovski (eds.): With no Peace to Keep ...,
pp. 23, 83.
250 Ljiljan, 3 August 1994, p. 21.
251 Ullman (ed.): The World and Yugoslavia’s Wars ...,
p. 133; Gow: Triumph of the Lack of Will ..., p. 195.
252 Roy Gutman: A Witness to Genocide: The First Inside Account
of the Horrors of “Ethnic Cleansing” in Bosnia (Shaftesbury:
Element Books, 1993), p. XII.
253 Radonjic: Naš slucaj ..., p. 140.
254 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 …,
p. 174.
255 New York Times, (28 June 1992), p. A 17; New York Times,
(28 July 1992), p. A1; New York Times, (28 July 1992), p. A10;
New York
Times, (29 July 1992), p. A1.
256 Der Spiegel, no. 33 (1992), p. 133; Lawrence Freedman,
“Why the West Failed,” Foreign Policy, no. 97 (Winter
1994–95), pp. 61–62.
257 The Economist, (8 August 1992), p. 17; Delo, (20 August
1992), p. 1.
258 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy ..., 406.
259 Cohen and Stamkovski (eds.): With no Peace to Keep ...,
p. 111; Daniel Bethlehem in Marc Weller (ed.): The “Yugoslav”
Crisis in International Law: General Issues (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1997), p. XXXVII; Rosefeldt, “Deutschlands
und
Frankreichs Jugoslawienpolitik ...,” p. 638.
260 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 ..., 181.
261 Gustenau, “Die 'Neuordnung Jugoslawiens',”
..., p. 490; Brendan Simms: Unfinest Hour. Britain and the Destruction
of Bosnia. (London:
Penguin Books, 2002), p. 21.
262 From the transcript of these speech in “Policy statement,”
26 August 1992, British Information Services, New York, pp.
2–4.
263 Magaš and Žanic (eds.): Rat u Hrvatskoj i Bosni
i Hercegovini, 1991–1995 ..., p. 390.
264 Graham Messervy-Whiting: Peace Conference on Former Yugoslavia:
The Politico-Military Interface (London, 1994), p. 22.
265 Clinton: My Life …, p. 534.
266 Bendini and Potgieter: Analysis Report: Former Yugoslavia
..., pp. 30–31.
267 International Herald Tribune, (12 December 1992).
268 Cohen and Stamkovski (eds.): With No Peace to Keep ...,
pp. 107, 152.
269 Francine Boidevaix: Une diplomatie informelle pour l’Europe:
Le Groupe de Contact Bosnie (Paris: Foundation pour les Etudes
de Défense, Librarie de la Doucomentation française,
1997), p. 34; Woodward: Balkan Tragedy ..., p. 296.
270 Nimet Beriker Atiyras, “Mediating Regional Conflicts
and Negotiation Flexibility: Peace Efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina,”
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences
(November 1995), p. 193.
271 The Economist, (7 November 1992), p. 33.
272 Die Zeit , (7 May 1993), Collin Powel wrote about this
in his Memories; see Colin Powell: My American Journey. (New
York: Random
House, 1995), pp. 291, 558
273 Leurdijk: The United Nations and NATO in the Former Yugoslavia
..., p. 25.
274 The idea for Blue Helmets, which would include American
GI’s resulted from pressures from Macedonian Patriotic
organization, an organization of Macedonian immigrants to the
USA, based in Indianapolis. See: Ivan A. Lebamoff to Richard
G. Lugar, 16 June 1992, Macedonian Tribune, (25 June 1992),
p. 3; Ivan A. Lebamoff to Kiro Gligorov, 16 June 1992, Macedonian
Tribune, (25 June 1992),
p. 3; Richard G. Lugar to Ivan A. Lebamoff, June 26, 1992,
Macedonian Tribune, (8 October 8 1992), p. 9; Dante B. Fascell
to Ivan Lebamoff, 24 September 1992, Macedonian Tribune, (8
October 1992), p. 9.
275 Boutros-Ghali: Unvanquished: A.U.S.–U.N. Saga ...,
p. 50.
276 Ullman (ed.): The World and Yugoslavia’s Wars ...,
p. 137.
277 Cohen and Stamkovski (eds.): With No Peace to Keep ...,
p. 152.
278 John Major: The Autobiography (New York: Harper and Collins,
1999), p. 538; Gow: Triumph of the Lack of Will ..., pp. 114,
211.
279 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy ..., 304.
280 Ibid.; Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 ...,
210–214.
281 Ejup Ganic: Bosanska otrovna jabuka. (Sarajevo: Bosanska
knjiga, 1995), p. 263; Ljiljan (18 January 1993), p. 7.
282 Frankfurter Allgemaine Zeitung (12 January 1993 and 16
January 1993); Hearing before the Commission on Security and
Cooperation in
Europe, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session: “Crisis
in Bosnia-Herzegovina,” February 4, 1993 (Washington,
D.C.: U. S.
Government Printing Office, 1993), p. 24.
283 Ed Vulliamy: Seasons in Hell: Understanding Bosnia’s
War (New York and London: Simon and Schuster, 1994), p. 251.
284 Radonjic: Naš slucaj - Second Part ..., pp. 290–292.
285 “Dokumente zum Zeitgeschehen: Der Vance/Owen-Friedensplan
für Bosnien-Herzegowina vom 30 Jänner 1993,”
Blätter für deutsche
und internationale Politik 4 (1993), pp. 502–511.
286 Ali Rabia and Lawerence Lifschultz (eds.): Writings on
the Balkan War: Why Bosnia? (New York: The Pamphleteers Press,
1993), p.
389.
287 Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation
in Europe,…p. 23.
288 Cohen and Stamkovski (eds.): With No Peace to Keep ...,
p. 152; Maynard Glitman, “US Policy in Bosnia: Rethinking
a Flawed Approach,” Survival 38 (Winter 1996–97),
no. 4, p. 72.
289 Cohen and Stamkovski (eds.): With No Peace to Keep ...,
p. 81; Frankfurter Rundschau (17 March 1993).
290 Marko Hoare commented that the claim that “The Russians
had special relations with the Serbs by blood and religion”
is misleading; the Russians’ 'blood ties' with the Muslims
and Croats were just as strong, while the ties of religion were
no stronger than, say, French ties with the Italians. If Russians
sympathized with Serbs for ideological reasons, this is something
that has to be explained. Let me add that I do believe that
it was special ties also by blood and religion … Their
support of the Serbs for ideological reasons was in my opinion
of the secondary importance.
291 Freedman, “Why the West Failed,” Foreign Policy,
no. 97 (Winter 1994–95), pp. 63–64; David Owen:
Balkan Odyssey (London: Victor Gollancz, 1995), p. 116.
292 Butrous-Ghali: Unvanquished: A.U.S.–U.N. Saga ...,
pp. 70–71.
293 Owen: Balkan Odyssey ..., p. 116.
294 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 ..., p. 225.
295 Frankfurter Allgemaine Zeitung (24 February 1993).
296 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy ..., 307.
297 Gustenau, “Die 'Neuordnung Jugoslawiens',”
..., p. 233.
298 Cohen and Stamkovski (eds.): With No Peace to Keep ...,
p. 152.
299 Bendini and Potgieter: Analysis Report: Former Yugoslavia
..., pp. 122–123.
300 Freedman, “Why the West Failed,” Foreign Policy,
no. 97 (Winter 1994–95), p. 66.
301 Also Serb economist, Miroslav Prokopjevic agreed with those
data (Miroslav Prokopjevic to Matjaž Klemencic, 8 August
2004).
302 Gow: Triumph of the Lack of Will ..., p. 246.
303 Boutros-Ghali: Unvanquished: A U.S.–U.N. Saga ...,
p. 84.
304 Gow: Triumph of the Lack of Will ..., p. 247.
305 Ivo H. Daalder: Getting Dayton: The Making of America’s
Bosnia Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press,
2000), p. 114.
306 Freedman, “Why the West Failed ...,” p. 66;
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, (7 May 1993).
307 Benson: Yugoslavia: A Concise History ..., 167; Woodward:
Balkan Tragedy ..., 312.
308 Kofi Anan, “Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant
to General Assembly Resolution 53/35: The Fall of Srebrenica,”
at http://www.domovina.net/un.srebrenica/un.serb1.html.
309 Clinton: My Life …, 667.
310 Wayne Bert: The Reluctant Superpower. United States Policy
in Bosnia, 1991–1995. (New York: St. Martin’s Press,
1997), p. 195.
311 Bose: Bosnia after Dayton ..., p. 169.
312 Daalder: Getting to Dayton ..., p. 19
313 Leurdijk: The United Nations and NATO in the Former Yugoslavia
..., p. 100.
314 Hillary Rodham Clinton: Living History. (New York: Simon
& Schuster, 2003), pp. 169–170; Clinton: My Life …,
p. 512.
315 Albright: Madam Secretary …, p. 181–182.
316 Powell: My American Journey …, pp. 576–577.
317 Holbrooke: To End a War …, pp. 22–31; Clinton:
My Life …, 512–513.
318 Atiyras, “Mediating Regional Conflicts and Negotiation
Flexibility ...,” p. 195.
319 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy …, p. 310.
320 Süddeutsche Zeitung,19 July 1993; International Herald
Tribune, 19 July 1993.
321 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy …, pp. 310–311.
322 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy …, p. 312.
323 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 …,
p. 287.
324 Pirjevec: Jugoslovanske vojne 1991–2001 …,
p. 287.
325 Boidevaix: Une diplomatie informelle pour l’Europe
..., pp. 147–151; Chicago Tribune, (21 November 1993),
p. 9.
326 Tindemans: Unfinished Peace …, p. 52.
327 Samantha Power: A Problem from Hell. America and the Age
of Genocide. (New York: Perennial, 2002), pp. 304–306.
328 Lenard J. Cohen, “Russia and the Balkans: pan-Slavism,
Partnership and Power,” International Journal, Canadian
Institute of International Affairs no. 49, vol. 4 (Fall 1994),
p. 835.
329 Hans Koschnik, “Ethnisch gesäubert!? –
Bosnien Herzegowina, Kroatien und Serbien nach dem Dayton Abkommen,”
Zeitgeschichte 25 (March–April 1998), p. 114.
330 Fiona M. Watson and Tom Dodd, “Bosnia, the UN and
the NATO Ulrimatum,” Research paper 94/33, House of Commons
Library, 17 February 1994.
331 Ghali: Unvanquished: A.U.S.–U.N. Saga ..., p. 142;
Michael Rose: Fighting for Peace: Bosnia 1994. (London: The
Harvill Press, 1998), p. 16; Owen: Balkan Odyssey ..., pp. 246–247.
332 Delo, (24 January 1994), p.1
333Lewis MacKenzie: Peacekeeper. ….
334 Colin Powell: My American Journey. (New York: Random House,
1995), pp. 291, 558.
335 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (10 January 1994)
336 Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation
in Europe, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session: “Bosnia’s
Second Winter under Siege,” 8 February 1994. (Washington,
D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1994).
337 Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation
in Europe, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session: “Bosnia’s
Second Winter under Siege,” 4 February 1993. (Washington,
D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1994); Boidevaix: Une
diplomatie informelle pour l’Europe ..., p. 59.
338 Leurdijk: The United Nations and NATO in the Former Yugoslavia
..., p. 50.
339 David Binder, “Anatomy of Massacre,” Foreign
Policy (Winter 1994–95), pp. 70–78.
340 More on Markale massacre see: Benjamin Rusek and Charles
Ingrao, “The “Mortar Massacres”: A Controversy
Revisited, “ Nationalities Papers, Vol. 32, No. 4 (December
2004), pp. 836-846
341 Die Zeit (11 February 1994).
342 International Herald Tribune, (11 February 1994); Leurdijk:
The United Nations and NATO in the Former Yugoslavia ..., p.
54.
343 Gregory L. Schulte, “Bringing Peace to Bosnia and
Change to the Alliance,” NATO Review, vol. 45, no. (2
March 1997), p. 24; The
Times, (11 February 1994).
344 Andrej Kozirev: Preobraženije. (Moskva: Medžunarodnije
otnošenija, 1995), p. 123.
345 Ljiljan (9 March 1994), p. 23.
346 “Croatians and the War in Bosnia,” Strategic
Comments of International Institute for Strategic Studies 17,
(17 January 1995), pp. 1–4.
347 Marko Hoare is right when he claims that Tudjman never
gave up the idea of division of BiH.
348 Gustenau, “Die 'Neuordnung Jugoslawiens',”
..., pp. 278, 280.
349 Bendini and Potgieter: Analysis Report: Former Yugoslavia
..., p. 143; Owen: Balkan Odyssey ..., p. 358.
350 The Times, (1 March 1994).
351 Owen: Balkan Odyssey ..., p. 268; Daalder: Getting to Dayton
..., p. 27.
352 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy ..., p. 315.;
353 Bendini and Potgieter: Analysis Report: Former Yugoslavia
..., p. 143; Roland Schönfeld, “Auf dem Weg nach
Dayton,” Südosteuropa Mitteilungen, vol. 36, no.
2 (1996), p. 106.
354 Helen-Leigh-Phippard, “The Contact Group on (and
in) Bosnia: An Exercise in Conflict Mediation?” International
Journal vol. 53, no. 2 (spring 1998), p. 307.
355 ” Vreme International, (20 June 1994), pp. 8–10.
356 Woodward: Balkan Tragedy ..., 307–312; Benson: Yugoslavia:
A Concise History ..., 168.
357 Hans Stark, “Embargo mit begrenzter Wirkung: Die
Sanktionen gegen Serbien und Montenegro,” Internationale
Politik, vol. 43, no. 7(August 1997), p. 44.
358 Simms: Unfinest Hour …, pp. 129–130.
359 Vreme International, (8 May 1995), pp. 8–11.
360 Peter W. Galbraith (ed.): The United States and Croatia:
A Documentary History 1992–1997. (Washington: U.S. Printing
Office, 1998),
pp. 142–180.
361 Delo, (13 July 1995), p.1; Delo, (23 November 1995), p.5.
362 Vreme International, (14 August 1995), pp. 6–8.
363 Clinton: My Life …, 667.
364 Vreme International, (14 August 1995), pp. 4–8; Tanner:
Croatia: A Nation Forged in War ..., 296–298.
365 Holbrooke: To End a War …, pp. 79–288.
66 Wesley K. Clark: Waging Modern War. Bosnia, Kosovo and the
Future of Combat. (New York: Public Affairs, 2002), pp. 67–68.
367 Delo, (15 December 1995), p.7.
368 Delo, (23 November 1995), p5.
369 Ibid.
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